NLRB v. Truck Drivers Local 449

NLRB v. Truck Drivers Local 449 (Buffalo Linen Supply Co.), 353 U.S. 87 (1957), is an 8-0 decision by the Supreme Court of the United States in which the Court held that a temporary lockout by a multi-employer bargaining group threatened by a whipsaw strike was lawful under the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), also known as the Taft-Hartley Act.[1][2][3][4][5][6]

NLRB v. Truck Drivers Local 449
Argued January 17, 22, 1957
Decided April 1, 1957
Full case nameNational Labor Relations Board v. Truck Drivers Local Union No. 449, International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen and Helps of America, A.F.L.
Citations353 U.S. 87 (more)
77 S. Ct. 643; 1 L. Ed. 2d 676; 1957 U.S. LEXIS 1629
Case history
PriorTruck Drivers Local 449 v. NLRB, 231 F.2d 110 (2d Cir. 1956); cert. granted, 352 U.S. 818 (1956).
Holding
A temporary lockout to preserve the multi-employer bargaining basis from the disintegration threatened by the union's strike action was lawful under the Taft-Hartley Act
Court membership
Chief Justice
Earl Warren
Associate Justices
Hugo Black · Felix Frankfurter
William O. Douglas · Harold H. Burton
Tom C. Clark · John M. Harlan II
William J. Brennan Jr. · Charles E. Whittaker
Case opinion
MajorityBrennan, joined by Warren, Black, Frankfurter, Douglas, Burton, Clark, Harlan
Whittaker took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.
Laws applied
National Labor Relations Act, Taft-Hartley Act

Background

The International Brotherhood of Teamsters had organized truck drivers working for linen supply and laundry companies in and around Buffalo, New York, in the early 1930s. In 1934, eight of the employers formed the Linen and Credit Exchange, a multi-employer association to act as a collective bargaining agent for the employers. A first contract with the Exchange was negotiated, and successor contracts also agreed to and implemented.[2]

The most recent contract was due to expire on April 30, 1953, but no successor contract was negotiated. Negotiations continued slowly. Finally, the Teamsters engaged in a whipsaw strike against one of the employers, Frontier Linen Supply, on May 26, 1953. The following day, the other seven employers locked out their truck drivers. A week later, a new collective bargaining agreement was signed, the lockout ended, and the locked out workers rehired.[2]

But the Teamsters filed an unfair labor practice (ULP) charge against the seven employers alleging that the lockout violated Section 8(a)(1) and 8(a)(3) of the National Labor Relations Act. The trial examiner, now called administrative law judge, concluded that a ULP had been committed; but, the five-member National Labor Relations Board (Board) overruled the examiner. The Board concluded the lockout was defensive, not retaliatory, and therefore lawful.[7]

The union appealed the Board's ruling. The Second Circuit Court of Appeals held (231 F.2d 110) that the strike was an economic strike, not an unfair labor practice strike, and hence not protected by the Section 8 of the NLRA.[8] However, the appellate court concluded that a temporary lockout based on the perceived threat of a strike could be justified only if a strike would impose an unusual economic hardship on the employer. Since none of the seven employers had demonstrated such hardship, the Court of Appeals ruled that the employers had committed a ULP.

The NLRB appealed to the Supreme Court, which granted certiorari.[9]

Decision

Associate Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. delivered the unanimous opinion of the Court. Justice Charles Evans Whittaker took no part in the oral argument or decision.[10]

Nearly half of the short decision is taken up by Brennan's review of the collective bargaining history between the Exchange and the Teamsters, the arguments before the NLRB board agent, and the ruling of the Court of Appeals.

Justice Brennan opened his argument by observing that although the NLRA does not mention lockouts, it also does not prohibit them. Citing no evidence, Brennan then asserted that the legislative history of the NLRA did not indicate any intention by Congress to ban lockouts. Inclusion of the term in the Taft-Hartley Act, the majority found, indicated congressional recognition of the lockout and implied that there were circumstances in which a lockout might be legally employed.[11]

Brennan next addressed the issue before the Court. "The narrow question to be decided," he wrote, "is whether a temporary lockout may lawfully be used as a defense to a union strike tactic which threatens the destruction of the employers' interest in bargaining on a group basis."[12]

The Exchange and the Board had argued that preservation of the cohesiveness of the multi-employer association justified use of the lockout. The Court of Appeals had rejected that argument. Reviewing the legislative history of the Taft-Hartley Act, the appellate court found that Congress had deferred judgment on the legality of multi-employer bargaining units to a commission.[13] Brennan rejected the finding of the Court of Appeals. Reviewing the academic literature on the history of collective bargaining in the 20th century as well as the legislative history of the Taft-Hartley Act, Brennan found that multi-employer bargaining not only pre-dated the Taft-Hartley Act but that Congress had considered and rejected language limiting or banning such bargaining. The "compelling conclusion," Brennan wrote, is that Congress intended to let the NRLB make case-by-case decisions as to the wisdom of permitting multi-employer bargaining.[14]

In the decision's final two paragraphs, the majority drew an important conclusion from the foregoing. Citing NLRB v. Mackay Radio & Telegraph Co., 304 U.S. 333 (1938), among others, Brennan held that the NLRA's protection of the right to strike is not absolute. Balancing the rights of union members to strike against the right of employers to preserve the multi-employer bargaining unit,[15] Brennan asserted (without additional argument or evidence) that the appellate court had erred in establishing an "economic hardship" test for lockouts. Then the Supreme Court deferred to the Board's ruling, and concluded that "a temporary lockout to preserve the multi-employer bargaining basis from the disintegration threatened by the Union's strike action was lawful."[15]

Additional rulings and assessment

NLRB v. Truck Drivers Local 449 (Buffalo Linen Supply Co.) is one of a number of Supreme Court cases stemming from the Court's 1938 decision in NLRB v. Mackay Radio & Telegraph Co.[3][4][5][6]

Building on its ruling in Buffalo Linen Supply Co., the Supreme Court held in American Ship Building v. NLRB[16] that an employer may lock out its employees without violating the NLRA if a bargaining impasse has been reached and the lockout is for the purpose of applying economic pressure to support the employer's bargaining position. However, the employer cannot hire permanent replacements, only temporary ones.[17] The high court further extended its reasoning in NLRB v. Brown Food Stores,[18] holding that an employer could lock out its employees in advance of a whipsaw strike so long as the employer only utilized temporary replacements and locked out all workers (not just those who supported the union).[19]

Buffalo Linen Supply Co. has not itself been the focus of much academic or legal analysis. However, it is often referred to in general discussions of the Court's labor relations jurisprudence. Buffalo Linen Supply Co. is one of many post-Mackay Radio rulings criticized as a Court-approved infringement on the right to strike.[3][4][5][6][20][21]

See also

Notes
  1. NLRB v. Truck Drivers Local 449, 353 U.S. 87 (1957). This case is more commonly cited as "Buffalo Linen Supply Co." The National Labor Relations Board titles cases based on the ULP filed against the employer or the union. In this case, the ULP had been filed against the employer, Buffalo Linen Supply Co. However, complainant Truck Drivers Local 449 appealed the case to the courts. The courts refer to this case as "Buffalo Linen" in order to keep the reference to the original NLRB decision.
  2. "Multi-Employer Lockout Found Lawful Response to Whipsaw Strike," Columbia Law Review, December 1957.
  3. Atleson, Values and Assumptions in American Labor Law, 1984.
  4. Getman, Pogrebin, and Gregory, Labor Management Relations and the Law, 1999.
  5. Gorman and Finkin, Basic Text on Labor Law: Unionization and Collective Bargaining, 2004.
  6. Lambert, "If the Workers Took A Notion": The Right to Strike and American Political Development, 2005.
  7. NLRB v. Truck Drivers Local 449, 353 U.S. at 91-92.
  8. Truck Drivers Local 449 v. NLRB, 231 F.2d 110 (2d Cir. 1956).
  9. NLRB v. Truck Drivers Local 449, 352 U.S. 818 (1956).
  10. Justice Stanley Forman Reed retired from the Supreme Court on February 25, 1957. Whittaker was appointed his successor on March 2, after oral argument had already occurred. See: Huston, "Justice Reed, 72, to Retire From the Supreme Court," New York Times, February 1, 1957; "Justice Reed Retires From Supreme Court," New York Times, February 26, 1957; "Federal Judge in Missouri Named to Supreme Court," New York Times, March 3, 1957.
  11. NLRB v. Truck Drivers Local 449, 353 U.S. at 92-93.
  12. NLRB v. Truck Drivers Local 449, 353 U.S. at 93.
  13. 231 F.2d at 118.
  14. NLRB v. Truck Drivers Local 449, 353 U.S. at 92-96.
  15. NLRB v. Truck Drivers Local 449, 353 U.S. at 97.
  16. American Ship Building v. NLRB, 380 U.S. 300 (1965).
  17. "The Unanswered Questions of 'American Ship'," Michigan Law Review, March 1966; McWilliams, "An Employer May Lock Out Employees Solely for the Purpose of Supporting His Bargaining Position After a Bargaining Impasse Has Been Reached. American Ship Bldg. Co. v. NLRB, 380 U.S. 300 (1965)," Texas Law Review, 1965.
  18. NLRB v. Brown Food Stores, 380 U.S. 278 (1965).
  19. "Hiring of Replacements by Nonstruck Employers in 'Whipsaw Strike' Context Held Not an Unfair Labor Practice," Columbia Law Review, January 1964; "Limits on Labor & Management," Time, April 9, 1965; LeRoy, "Lockouts Involving Replacement Workers: An Empirical Public Policy Analysis and Proposal to Balance Economic Weapons Under the NLRA," Washington University Law Quarterly, Winter 1996.
  20. Estlund, Cynthia L. (2006). "The Death of Labor Law?". Annual Review of Law and Social Science. 2: 105–123. doi:10.1146/annurev.lawsocsci.2.081805.110015. S2CID 154534298.
  21. Pope, "How American Workers Lost the Right to Strike, and Other Tales," Michigan Law Review, December 2004; Estreicher, "Collective Bargaining or 'Collective Begging'?: Reflections on Antistrikebreaker Legislation," Michigan Law Review, December 1994; Gillespie, "The Mackay Doctrine and the Myth of Business Necessity," Texas Law Review, 1972; Turner, "Restoring Balance to Collective Bargaining: Prohibiting Discrimination Against Economic Strikers," West Virginia Law Review, Spring 1994; Weiler, "A Principled Re-Shaping of Labor Law for the Twenty-First Century," University of Pennsylvania Journal of Labor and Employment Law, 2001.

References
  • Atleson, James B. Values and Assumptions in American Labor Law. Amherst, Mass.: University of Massachusetts Press, 1984. ISBN 0-87023-390-4
  • Estlund, Cynthia L. "The Death of Labor Law?" Annual Review of Law and Social Science. 2:105 (December 2006).
  • Estreicher, Samuel. "Collective Bargaining or 'Collective Begging'?: Reflections on Antistrikebreaker Legislation." Michigan Law Review. 93:577 (December 1994).
  • "Federal Judge in Missouri Named to Supreme Court." New York Times. March 3, 1957.
  • Getman, Julius; Pogrebin, Bertrand B.; and Gregory, David L. Labor Management Relations and the Law. 2d ed. Eagan, Minn.: Foundation Press, 1999. ISBN 1-56662-779-6
  • Gillespie, Hal Keith. "The Mackay Doctrine and the Myth of Business Necessity." Texas Law Review. 50:782 (1972).
  • Gorman, Robert A. and Finkin, Matthew W. Basic Text on Labor Law: Unionization and Collective Bargaining. 2d ed. Eagan, Minn.: West Publishing Co., 2004. ISBN 0-314-06583-0
  • "Hiring of Replacements by Nonstruck Employers in 'Whipsaw Strike' Context Held Not an Unfair Labor Practice." Columbia Law Review. 64:1 (January 1964).
  • Huston, Luther A. "Justice Reed, 72, to Retire From the Supreme Court." New York Times. February 1, 1957.
  • "Justice Reed Retires From Supreme Court." New York Times. February 26, 1957.
  • Lambert, Josiah Bartlett. "If the Workers Took A Notion": The Right to Strike and American Political Development. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-8014-4327-X
  • LeRoy, Michael H. "Lockouts Involving Replacement Workers: An Empirical Public Policy Analysis and Proposal to Balance Economic Weapons Under the NLRA." Washington University Law Quarterly. 74:981 (Winter 1996).
  • "Limits on Labor & Management." Time. April 9, 1965.
  • McWilliams, George L. "An Employer May Lock Out Employees Solely for the Purpose of Supporting His Bargaining Position After a Bargaining Impasse Has Been Reached. American Ship Bldg. Co. v. NLRB, 380 U.S. 300 (1965)." Texas Law Review. 44:206 (1965).
  • "Multi-Employer Lockout Found Lawful Response to Whipsaw Strike." Columbia Law Review. 57:8 (December 1957).
  • Pope, James Gray. "How American Workers Lost the Right to Strike, and Other Tales." Michigan Law Review. 103:518 (December 2004).
  • Rosenblum, Jonathan D. Copper Crucible: How the Arizona Miners' Strike of 1983 Recast Labor-Management Relations in America. 2nd ed. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-8014-8554-1
  • Turner, William D. "Restoring Balance to Collective Bargaining: Prohibiting Discrimination Against Economic Strikers." West Virginia Law Review. 96:685 (Spring 1994).
  • "The Unanswered Questions of 'American Ship'." Michigan Law Review. 64:5 (March 1966).
  • Weiler, Paul C. "A Principled Re-Shaping of Labor Law for the Twenty-First Century." University of Pennsylvania Journal of Labor and Employment Law. 3:177 (2001).
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