Nanogel

A nanogel is a nanoparticle composed of a hydrogel—a crosslinked hydrophilic polymer network. Nanogels are most often composed of synthetic polymers[1] or biopolymers which are chemically or physically crosslinked.[2] Nanogels are usually in the tens to hundreds of nanometers in diameter. Like hydrogels, nanogels have low density of macromolecules and their pores (spaces between the macromolecular chains) can be filled with small molecules or macromolecules,[3] and their properties, such as swelling, degradation, and chemical functionality, can be controlled.[4]

Applications

Potential applications of nanogels include drug delivery agents,[2][5][6][7] contrast agents for medical imaging or 19F MRI tracers,[8] nanoactuators, and sensors.[9]

  • Nanogels with cross-linked structure provide a versatile platform for storage and release of proteins. It is a highly desirable method of loading and delivering active forms of proteins toward cells for remaining activity, enhancing stability, and avoiding potential immunogenicity of proteins.[10]
  • Fluorine-containing nanogels can be used as tracers for 19F MRI, because their aggregation and tissue binding has only minor effect on their 19F MRI signal. Furthermore, they can carry drugs and their physico-chemical properties of the polymers can be highly modulated.[8][11][12]
  • Nanogels composed of polyethylenimine (PEI) have been used to deliver anti-cancer compounds into cells.[13][14]
  • Nanogels composed of dextran have been developed for imaging tumor-associated macrophages with radionuclides and targeting the bone.[15][16]
  • A fluorescent nanogel thermometer was developed to measure temperatures to within 0.5 °C (0.90 °F) in living cells. The cell absorbs water when colder and squeezes the water out as its internal temperature rises; the relative quantity of water masks or exposes the fluorescence of the nanogel.[17]

Nanogels are not to be confused with Nanogel aerogel, a lightweight thermal insulator, or with nanocomposite hydrogels (NC gels), which are nanomaterial-filled, hydrated, polymeric networks that exhibit higher elasticity and strength relative to traditionally made hydrogels.

References
  1. Bencherif, Sidi A.; Siegwart, Daniel J.; Srinivasan, Abiraman; Horkay, Ferenc; Hollinger, Jeffrey O.; Washburn, Newell R.; Matyjaszewski, Krzysztof (2009). "Nanostructured hybrid hydrogels prepared by a combination of atom transfer radical polymerization and free radical polymerization". Biomaterials. 30 (29): 5270–8. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.06.011. PMC 3632384. PMID 19592087.
  2. Kabanov, Alexander V.; Vinogradov, Serguei V. (2009). "Nanogels as Pharmaceutical Carriers: Finite Networks of Infinite Capabilities". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (30): 5418–29. doi:10.1002/anie.200900441. PMC 2872506. PMID 19562807.
  3. Lee, Hyukjin; Mok, Hyejung; Lee, Soohyeon; Oh, Yu-Kyoung; Park, Tae Gwan (2007). "Target-specific intracellular delivery of siRNA using degradable hyaluronic acid nanogels". Journal of Controlled Release. 119 (2): 245–52. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.02.011. PMID 17408798.
  4. Hayashi, Hisato; Iijima, Michihiro; Kataoka, Kazunori; Nagasaki, Yukio (2004). "PH-Sensitive Nanogel Possessing Reactive PEG Tethered Chains on the Surface". Macromolecules. 37 (14): 5389–96. Bibcode:2004MaMol..37.5389H. doi:10.1021/ma049199g.
  5. Vinogradov, Serguei V (2010). "Nanogels in the race for drug delivery". Nanomedicine. 5 (2): 165–8. doi:10.2217/nnm.09.103. PMID 20148627.
  6. Nanogels for Biomedical Applications, Editors: Arti Vashist, Ajeet K Kaushik, Sharif Ahmad, Madhavan Nair, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge 2018, https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/ebook/978-1-78801-048-1
  7. Oh, Jung Kwon; Drumright, Ray; Siegwart, Daniel J.; Matyjaszewski, Krzysztof (2008). "The development of microgels/nanogels for drug delivery applications". Progress in Polymer Science. 33 (4): 448–77. doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2008.01.002.
  8. Kolouchova, Kristyna; Jirak, Daniel; Groborz, Ondrej; Sedlacek, Ondrej; Ziolkowska, Natalia; Vit, Martin; Sticova, Eva; Galisova, Andrea; Svec, Pavel; Trousil, Jiri; Hajek, Milan; Hruby, Martin (2020). "Implant-forming polymeric 19F MRI-tracer with tunable dissolution". Journal of Controlled Release. 327: 50–60. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.07.026. ISSN 0168-3659.
  9. Raemdonck, Koen; Demeester, Joseph; De Smedt, Stefaan (2009). "Advanced nanogel engineering for drug delivery". Soft Matter. 5 (4): 707–715. Bibcode:2009SMat....5..707R. doi:10.1039/b811923f.
  10. Ye, Yanqi; Yu, Jicheng; Gu, Zhen (2015). "Versatile Protein Nanogels Prepared by In Situ Polymerization". Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics. 217 (3): 333–343. doi:10.1002/macp.201500296.
  11. Babuka, David; Kolouchova, Kristyna; Groborz, Ondrej; Tosner, Zdenek; Zhigunov, Alexander; Stepanek, Petr; Hruby, Martin (2020). "Internal Structure of Thermoresponsive Physically Crosslinked Nanogel of Poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide]-Block-Poly[N-(2,2-difluoroethyl)acrylamide], Prominent 19F MRI Tracer". Nanomaterials. 10 (11): 2231. doi:10.3390/nano10112231. ISSN 2079-4991.
  12. Babuka, David; Kolouchova, Kristyna; Hruby, Martin; Groborz, Ondrej; Tosner, Zdenek; Zhigunov, Alexander; Stepanek, Petr (2019). "Investigation of the internal structure of thermoresponsive diblock poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline)-b-poly[N-(2,2-difluoroethyl)acrylamide] copolymer nanoparticles". European Polymer Journal. 121: 109306. doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109306. ISSN 0014-3057.
  13. Vinogradov, S; Zeman, A; Batrakova, E; Kabanov, A (2005). "Polyplex Nanogel formulations for drug delivery of cytotoxic nucleoside analogs". Journal of Controlled Release. 107 (1): 143–57. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.06.002. PMC 1357595. PMID 16039001.
  14. Ganta, Chanran; Shi, Aibin; Battina, Srinivas K.; Pyle, Marla; Rana, Sandeep; Hua, Duy H.; Tamura, Masaaki; Troyer, Deryl (May 2008). "Combination of nanogel polyethylene glycol-polyethylenimine and 6(hydroxymethyl)-1,4-anthracenedione as an anticancer nanomedicine". Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. 8 (5): 2334–40. doi:10.1166/jnn.2008.294. PMC 2556214. PMID 18572646.
  15. Keliher, Edmund J.; Yoo, Jeongsoo; Nahrendorf, Matthias; Lewis, Jason S.; Marinelli, Brett; Newton, Andita; Pittet, Mikael J.; Weissleder, Ralph (2011). "89Zr-Labeled Dextran Nanoparticles Allow in Vivo Macrophage Imaging". Bioconjugate Chemistry. 22 (12): 2383–9. doi:10.1021/bc200405d. PMC 3244512. PMID 22035047.
  16. Heller, Daniel A.; Levi, Yair; Pelet, Jeisa M.; Doloff, Joshua C.; Wallas, Jasmine; Pratt, George W.; Jiang, Shan; Sahay, Gaurav; Schroeder, Avi; Schroeder, Josh E.; Chyan, Yieu; Zurenko, Christopher; Querbes, William; Manzano, Miguel; Kohane, Daniel S.; Langer, Robert; Anderson, Daniel G. (2013). "Modular 'Click-in-Emulsion' Bone-Targeted Nanogels" (PDF). Advanced Materials. 25 (10): 1449–54. doi:10.1002/adma.201202881. PMC 3815631. PMID 23280931.
  17. Gota, Chie; Okabe, Kohki; Funatsu, Takashi; Harada, Yoshie; Uchiyama, Seiichi (2009). "Hydrophilic Fluorescent Nanogel Thermometer for Intracellular Thermometry". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 131 (8): 2766–7. doi:10.1021/ja807714j. PMID 19199610.

Further reading
  • Ye, Yanqi; Yu, Jicheng; Gu, Zhen (2015). "Versatile Protein Nanogels Prepared by In Situ Polymerization". Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics. 217 (3): 333–343. doi:10.1002/macp.201500296.
  • Yan, Ming; Ge, Jun; Liu, Zheng; Ouyang, Pingkai (2006). "Encapsulation of Single Enzyme in Nanogel with Enhanced Biocatalytic Activity and Stability". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 128 (34): 11008–9. doi:10.1021/ja064126t. PMID 16925402.
  • Reese, Chad E.; Mikhonin, Alexander V.; Kamenjicki, Marta; Tikhonov, Alexander; Asher, Sanford A. (2004). "Nanogel Nanosecond Photonic Crystal Optical Switching". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 126 (5): 1493–6. doi:10.1021/ja037118a. PMID 14759207.
  • Lee, Eun Seong; Kim, Dongin; Youn, Yu Seok; Oh, Kyung Taek; Bae, You Han (2008). "A Virus-Mimetic Nanogel Vehicle". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 47 (13): 2418–21. doi:10.1002/anie.200704121. PMC 3118583. PMID 18236507.
  • Hasegawa, Urara; Nomura, Shin-Ichiro M.; Kaul, Sunil C.; Hirano, Takashi; Akiyoshi, Kazunari (2005). "Nanogel-quantum dot hybrid nanoparticles for live cell imaging". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 331 (4): 917–21. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.03.228. PMID 15882965.
  • Du, Jin-Zhi; Sun, Tian-Meng; Song, Wen-Jing; Wu, Juan; Wang, Jun (2010). "A Tumor-Acidity-Activated Charge-Conversional Nanogel as an Intelligent Vehicle for Promoted Tumoral-Cell Uptake and Drug Delivery". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 49 (21): 3621–6. doi:10.1002/anie.200907210. PMID 20391548.
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