Nitrone

A nitrone is a functional group in organic chemistry consisting of an N-oxide of an imine. The general structure is R1R2C=NR3+O− where R3 is not H. A nitrone is a 1,3-dipole, and is used in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. Other reactions of nitrones are known,[1] including formal [3+3] cycloadditions to form 6-membered rings, as well as formal [5+2] cycloadditions to form 7-membered rings.[2] Nitrones should not be confused with nitrenes.

General structure of a nitrone

Generation of nitrones

Nitrones are generated most often either by the oxidation of hydroxylamines or condensation of monosubstituted hydroxylamines with carbonyl compounds (ketones or aldehydes). The most general reagent used for the oxidation of hydroxylamines is mercury(II) oxide.[3]

Carbonyl condensation methods avoid issues of site selectivity associated with the oxidation of hydroxylamines with two sets of (alpha) hydrogens.[4]

A significant problem associated with many reactive nitrones is dimerization.[5] This issue is alleviated experimentally by employing an excess of the nitrone or increasing the reaction temperature to exaggerate entropic factors.

Reactions

1,3-dipolar cycloadditions
Main article: Nitrone-olefin 3+2 cycloaddition

As 1,3-dipoles, nitrones are useful in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions.[2] Upon reaction of a nitrone with an alkene dipolarophile, an isoxazolidine is formed:

Nitrone cycloadditions

See also

References
  1. Murahashi, Shun-Ichi; Imada, Yasushi (15 March 2019). "Synthesis and Transformations of Nitrones for Organic Synthesis". Chemical Reviews. 119 (7): 4684–4716. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00476. PMID 30875202.
  2. Yang, Jiong (2012). "Recent Developments in Nitrone Chemistry". Synlett. 23: 2293-97. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1317096.
  3. Thiesing, Jan; Mayer, Hans (1957). "Cyclische Nitrone, II. Über die Polymeren des 2.3.4.5-Tetrahydro-pyridin-N-oxyds und verwandte Verbindungen". Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 609: 46-57. doi:10.1002/jlac.19576090105.
  4. Exner, O. (1951). "A New Synthesis of N-methylketoximes". ChemPlusChem. 16: 258-267. doi:10.1135/cccc19510258.
  5. Thiesing, Jan; Mayer, Hans (1956). "Cyclische Nitrone I: Dimeres 2.3.4.5-Tetrahydro-pyridin-N-oxyd". Chem. Ber. 89 (9): 2159-2167. doi:10.1002/cber.19560890919.
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