Openness

Openness is an overarching concept or philosophy that is characterized by an emphasis on transparency and collaboration.[1][2] That is, openness refers to "accessibility of knowledge, technology and other resources; the transparency of action; the permeability of organisational structures; and the inclusiveness of participation".[2] Openness can be said to be the opposite of closedness,[2] central authority and secrecy.[1]

In government
Main article: Open government

Open government is the governing doctrine which holds that citizens have the right to access the documents and proceedings of the government to allow for effective public oversight.[3]

Openness in government applies the idea of freedom of information to information held by authorities and holds that citizens should have the right to see the operations and activities of government at work.[4] Since reliable information is requisite for accountability, freedom of access to information about the government supports government accountability and helps protect other necessary rights.[4]

In creative works
Main article: Open content

Open content and free content both refer to creative works that lack restrictions on how people can use, modify, and distribute them.[5][6][7] The terms derive from open source software and free software, similar concepts that refer specifically to software.[8]

In education
Main article: Open education

Open education refers to institutional practices and programmatic initiatives that broaden access to the learning and training traditionally offered through formal education systems. By eliminating barriers to entry, open education aids freedom of information by increasing accessibility.

Open Education advocates state people from all social classes worldwide have open access to high-quality education and resources. They help eliminate obstacles like high costs, outmoded materials, and legal instruments. These barriers impede collaboration among stakeholders. Cooperation is crucial to open education.[9] The Open Education Consortium claims “Sharing is a fundamental attribute of education. Education means the sharing of knowledge, insights, and information with everybody. It is the foundation of new wisdom, ideas, talents, and understanding.[10]” Open Educational Resources refer to learning materials that educators can improve and modify with permission from their publishers or authors. Creators of OERs are allowed to include a variety of items such as lesson plans, presentation slides, lecture videos, podcasts, worksheets, maps, and images.[11]

There are legitimate tools like the Creative Commons’ licenses that students can access and use at liberty. They are allowed to translate and amend these materials.[12] Public school teachers in the USA can share resources they developed as compliance for government-authorized standards in education. One of these is called the Common Core State Standards.[13] Some teachers and school officials have recommended that OERs can help reduce expenses in production and distribution of course materials for primary and secondary institutions. Some teachers and school officials have recommended that OERs can help reduce expenses in production and distribution of course materials for primary and secondary institutions. Certain projects like the OER Commons as storage for open educational resources.[14]

In academia
Main article: Open access

Open access refers to the practice of allowing peer-reviewed research articles to be available online free of charge and free of most copyright and licensing restrictions.[15] Benefits of this approach include: accelerated discovery and progress as researchers are free to use and build on the findings of others,[16] giving back to the public as much research is paid for with public funds,[17] and greater impact for one's work due to open access articles being accessible to a bigger audience.[18]

In information technology
Main article: Code of Openness

Openness is a capability provided by an IT system, and it is characterized by interoperability, portability and extensibility. These capabilities are implemented using IT interfaces, standards and the IT architecture. All these are technical aspects of openness. Openness is also based on non-technical aspects, which are related to the partnership between the involved partners (IT customers, IT vendors and/or IT service providers).[19][2]

In psychology

In psychology, openness to experience is one of the domains which are used to describe human personality in the Five Factor Model.

See also

References
  • Eco, Umberto; Anna Cancogni; David Robey (1989). The Open Work. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674639751.
  1. Peters, Michael. "The Idea of Openness: Open Education and Education for Openness". The Encyclopaedia of Educational Philosophy and Theory. Archived from the original on 1 May 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
  2. Schlagwein, Daniel; Conboy, Kieran; Feller, Joseph; Leimeister, Jan Marco; Morgan, Lorraine (2017). "Openness With and Without Information Technology: A Framework and a Brief History". Journal of Information Technology. 32 (4): 297–305. doi:10.1057/s41265-017-0049-3.
  3. Lathrop, Daniel; Ruma, Laurel, eds. (February 2010). Open Government: Transparency, Collaboration and Participation in Practice. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-0-596-80435-0.
  4. Birkinshaw, Patrick. "FREEDOM OF INFORMATION AND OPENNESS: FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS?". Administrative Law Review. 58 (1): 177–218. Archived from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
  5. "Definition of Free Cultural Works". Retrieved 8 December 2011.
  6. Stallman, Richard (November 13, 2008). "Free Software and Free Manuals". Free Software Foundation. Retrieved March 22, 2009.
  7. Grossman, Lev (1998-07-18). "New Free License to Cover Content Online". Netly News. Archived from the original on 2000-06-19. Retrieved 2010-01-12.
  8. Wiley, David (1998). "Open Content". OpenContent.org. Archived from the original on 1999-01-28. Retrieved 2012-04-17.
  9. "What is open education?". Opensource.com. Retrieved 2018-07-06.
  10. "The Open Education Consortium". The Global Network for Open Education. Retrieved 2018-07-06.
  11. "What are Open Educational Resources (OERs)?". United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 2018-07-06.
  12. "About The Licenses". Creative Commons. Retrieved 2018-07-06.
  13. "About the Standards". Common Core State Standards Initiative. Retrieved 2018-07-06.
  14. "OER Commons". OER Commons. Retrieved 2018-07-06.
  15. Suber, Peter. "Open Access Overview". Retrieved 1 May 2014.
  16. "The Case for Open Access". Retrieved 1 May 2014.
  17. Suber, Peter. "The taxpayer argument for open access". SPARC Open Access Newsletter, issue #65. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
  18. Harnad, Steven; Tim Brody. "Comparing the Impact of Open Access (OA) vs. Non-OA Articles in the Same Journals". D-Lib Magazine. 10. Archived from the original on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
  19. Steven, Vettermann. "Code of Openness". CPO. ProSTEP iViP. Retrieved 10 January 2017.


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