Pandita Ramabai

Pandita Ramabai Sarasvati (23 April 1858 – 5 April 1922), was a female, women's right & education activist, a pioneer in the education and emancipation of women in India, and a social reformer. She was the first woman to be awarded the titles of Pandita as a Sanskrit scholar and Sarasvati after being examined by the faculty of the University of Calcutta.[1] She was one of the 10 women delegates of the Congress session of 1889.[2][3] In the late 1890s, she founded Mukti Mission at Kedgaon village, forty miles east of the city of Pune.[4][5] The mission was later named Pandita Ramabai Mukti Mission.

Pandita Ramabai
Pandita Ramabai Sarasvati
Born
Rama Dongre

(1858-04-23)23 April 1858
Canara district, Madras Presidency, British India
Died5 April 1922(1922-04-05) (aged 63)
Bombay Presidency, British India
NationalityIndian
CitizenshipIndian
OccupationSocial reformer,
Years active1885 to 1922
OrganizationPandita Ramabai Mukti Mission, Kedgaon
Known forMinistry among Destitute & Orphan girls
Notable work
The High-Caste Hindu Woman
ChildrenManorama

Early life and education

Pandita Ramabai Sarasvati was born as Rama Dongre on 23 April 1858 in a Marathi speaking Brahmin family but later she adopted Christianity in England.[6] Her father, Anant Shastri Dongre, a Sanskrit scholar, taught her Sanskrit at home. Orphaned at the age of 16 during the Great Famine of 1876–78, Dongre and her brother Srinivas traveled over India reciting Sanskrit scriptures. Ramabai's fame as a lecturer reached Calcutta, where the pandits invited her to speak.[7] In 1878, Calcutta University, conferred on her the titles of Pandita and Sarasvati in recognition of her knowledge of various Sanskrit works.[8][6] The theistic reformer Keshab Chandra Sen gave her a copy of the Vedas, the most sacred of all Hindu literature, and encouraged her to read them. After the death of Srinivas in 1880, Ramabai married Bipin Behari Medhvi, a Bengali lawyer. The groom was a Bengali Kayastha, and so the marriage was inter-caste and inter-regional and therefore considered inappropriate for that age. They were married in a civil ceremony on 13 November 1880. The couple had a daughter whom they named Manorama. After Medhvi's death in 1882, Ramabai, who was only 23, moved to Pune and founded an organization to promote women's education.[6][9]

Social activism

After Medhvi's death (1882), Ramabai moved to Pune where she founded Arya Mahila Samaj (Arya Women's Society). The purpose of the society was to promote the cause of women's education and deliverance from the oppression of child marriage. When in 1882 a commission was appointed by Government of India to look into education, Ramabai gave evidence before it. In an address to Lord Ripon's Education Commission, she declared with fervor, "In ninety-nine cases out of a hundred the educated men of this country are opposed to female education and the proper position of women. If they observe the slightest fault, they magnify the grain of mustard-seed into a mountain, and try to ruin the character of a woman." She suggested that teachers be trained and women school inspectors be appointed. Further, she said that as the situation in India was that women's conditions were such that women could only medically treat them, Indian women should be admitted to medical colleges. Ramabai's evidence created a great sensation and reached Queen Victoria. It bore fruit later in starting of the Women's Medical Movement by Lord Dufferin.[9]

Ramabai went to Britain in 1883 to start medical training; she was rejected from medical programs because of progressive deafness.[10] During her stay she converted to Christianity. From Britain she traveled to the United States in 1886 to attend the graduation of her relative[10] and the first female Indian doctor, Anandibai Joshi, staying for two years. During this time she also translated textbooks and gave lectures throughout the United States and Canada.[11] She had also published one of her most important book, The High-Caste Hindu Woman. This was also the first book that she wrote in English. Ramabai dedicated this book to Dr. Joshi, The High-Caste Hindu Woman-to be specific a Brahmin woman which showed the darkest aspects of the life of Hindu women, including child brides and child widows, sought to expose the oppression of women in Hindu-dominated British India.

While giving presentations in the U.S. to seek support for her work in India, Ramabai met Frances Willard in July 1887. Willard invited Ramabai to speak at the national Woman's Christian Temperance Union convention in November 1887 where she gained the support of this large women's organization. She returned to India in June 1888 as a National Lecturer for the WCTU. Mary Greenleaf Clement Leavitt, the first World Missionary of the WCTU, was already there when Ramabai returned, but they did not meet. Ramabai worked however with the WCTU of India once it was officially organized in 1893.[12]

In 1896, during a severe famine, Ramabai toured the villages of Maharashtra with a caravan of bullock carts and rescued thousands of outcast children, child widows, orphans, and other destitute women and brought them to the shelter of Mukti and Sharada Sadan. A learned woman knowing seven languages, she also translated the Bible into her mother tongue—Marathi—from the original Hebrew and Greek.[8]

By 1900 there were 1,500 residents and over a hundred cattle in the Mukti mission and she was also involved in establishing a Church at Mukti. The Pandita Ramabai Mukti Mission is still active today, providing housing, education, vocational training, etc. for many needy groups including widows, orphans, and the blind.[13]

Family life

As Pandita Ramabai involved herself in social service, there was little family life for her. Her childhood was full of hardships, she lost her parents early and her husband died within two years of marriage. She had also to educate her only daughter, Manorama Bai. She did this well: Manorama completed her BA at Bombay University; went to the US for higher studies; returned to India, and worked as Principal of Sharada Sadan, Mumbai. With her help, Pandita Ramabai established Christian High school at Gulbarga (now in Karnataka), a backward district of south India, during 1912, and her daughter was the Principal of the school. In 1920 Ramabai's body began to flag and she designated her daughter as the one who would take over the ministry of Mukti Mission. However, Manorama died in 1921. Her death was a shock to Ramabai. Nine months later, Ramabai, who had been suffering from septic bronchitis, died on 5 April 1922, a few weeks before her 64th birthday.[14]

Ramabai circles and issues
Ramabai on a 1989 stamp of India

Swami Vivekananda mentions about Ramabai in his letters. "I am astonished to hear the scandals the Ramabai circles are indulging in about me. Don't you see, Mrs. Bull, that however a man may conduct himself, there will always be persons who invent the blackest lies about him? At Chicago, I had such things every day against me. And these women are invariably the very Christian of Christians!"[15] This quote is not about the person Pandita Ramabai.

Awards and honors
  • "Pandit" and "Sarasvati" at Bengal (before going to Britain), recognizing her skills in Sanskrit.
  • Kaisari-i-Hind Medal for community service in 1919, awarded by the British Colonial Government of India.[16]
  • She is honored with a feast day on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church (USA) on 5 April,[17] and a commemoration day in the liturgical calendar of the Church of England on 30 April.[18]
  • On 26 October 1989, in recognition of her contribution to the advancement of Indian women, the Government of India issued a commemorative stamp.[19]
  • A road in Mumbai is also named in her honour. The road connecting Hughes Road to Nana Chowk, in the vicinity of the Gamdevi locality is known as Pandita Ramabai Marg.[20]

References
Library resources about
Pandita Ramabai
By Pandita Ramabai
  1. "Women's History Month: Pandita Ramabai". Women's History Network. 11 March 2011.
  2. Kollanoor, Greger. "Indian Christianity and National Movements". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. "Short Biography of Ramabai". 25 May 2015. Archived from the original on 7 December 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  4. Ramabai Sarasvati (Pandita); Pandita Ramabai (2003). Pandita Ramabai's American Encounter: The Peoples of the United States (1889). Indiana University Press. pp. 29–30. ISBN 0-253-21571-4.
  5. Anne Feldhaus (29 January 1998). Images of Women in Maharashtrian Society. SUNY Press. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-7914-3660-8.
  6. Khan, Aisha (14 November 2018). "Overlooked No More: Pandita Ramabai, Indian Scholar, Feminist and Educator". The New York Times.
  7. My Story by Pandita Ramabai. Pub: Christian Institute for Study of Religion and Society, Bangalore.
  8. "Intl' Christian Women's History Project & Hall of Fame". Icwhp.org. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  9. "Sarla R. Murgai". Utc.edu. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  10. "Overlooked No More: Pandita Ramabai, Indian Scholar, Feminist and Educator". The New York Times. 14 November 2018. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  11. Jayawardena, Kumari (1995). The white woman's other burden: Western women and South Asia during British colonial rule. New York: Routledge. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-415-91104-7.
  12. Osborne, Lori (2017). Waldschmidt-Nelson, Britta; Schuler, Anja (eds.). "The World Woman's Christian Temperance Union: An Early Transnational Women's Organization and its Work in India, 1883-1900" [Forging Bonds Across Borders: Transatlantic Collaborations for Women’s Rights and Social Justice in the Long Nineteenth Century] (PDF). Bulletin of the German Historical Institute Washington, Supplement. 13: 129–142. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  13. "Untold Tale of Revival: Pandita Ramabai | Grace Valley Christian Center". Gracevalley.org. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  14. Panditha Ramabai Sarasvathi – Book in Kannada (1962) Pub by Christ Sahitya Sangha, Bangalore
  15. Vivekanada, Ramabai circles (1895)
  16. Butler (1922), p. 83
  17. A Great Cloud of Witnesses (PDF). Church Publishing. 15 October 2016. p. 8. ISBN 9780898699661.
  18. Atwell, Robert (27 February 2017). Celebrating the Saints: Daily spiritual readings for the calendars of the Church of England, the Church of Ireland, the Scottish Episcopal Church & the Church in Wales. Canterbury Press. p. 152. ISBN 9781848258822.
  19. "Indian Postage Stamps 1947–2000". Department of Posts, Ministry of Communications, Government of India. Retrieved 9 April 2019.
  20. Thale, Siddharaj (14 August 2017). "Road in Mumbai named after woman who started Arya Mahila Samaj". The Indian Express. Retrieved 9 April 2019.

Further reading
  • Burton, Antoinette. "Colonial encounters in late-Victorian England: Pandita Ramabai at Cheltenham and Wantage 1883–6." Feminist Review 49.1 (1995): 29–49.
  • Butler, Clementina (1922). Pandita Ramabai Sarasvati: Pioneer in the movement for the education of the child-widow of India. Fleming H. Revell Company, New York.
  • Case, Jay Riley. An Unpredictable Gospel (Oxford University Press, 2012)
  • Chakravarti, Uma. Rewriting history: The life and times of Pandita Ramabai (Zubaan, 2014).
  • Dyer, Helen S. Pandita Ramabai: the story of her life (1900) online
  • Kosambi, Meera. "Indian Response to Christianity, Church and Colonialism: Case of Pandita Ramabai." Economic and Political Weekly (1992): WS61-WS71. online
  • White, Keith J. "Insights into child theology through the life and work of Pandita Ramabai." Transformation (2007): 95-102. online

Primary sources
  • Pandita Ramabai, Pandita Ramabai's American Encounter: The Peoples of the United States (1889), online
  • Ramabai Sarasvati, Pandita. The high-caste Hindu woman (1888) online
  • Sarasvati, Ramabai. Pandita Ramabai through her own words: Selected works (Oxford University Press, 2000).
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