Paracoccidioides lutzii

Paracoccidioides lutzii is a dimorphic fungus that is one of the causal agents of paracoccidioidomycosis, together with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis.[1] Unlike P. brasiliensis, which is found throughout Central and South America, P. lutzii is found only in Brazil and Ecuador.[2] It is less virulent than P. brasiliensis.[3]

Paracoccidioides lutzii
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Ascomycota
Class:
Eurotiomycetes
Order:
Onygenales
Family:
Ajellomycetaceae
Genus:
Paracoccidioides
Species:
P. lutzii

History

Paracoccidioides species were discovered by Adolfo Lutz in 1908 in Brazil.[4] P. lutzii was formerly classified "PB-01 like", and proposed as a new species in 2014,[5] being discovered in the Central-West region of Brazil.[6] The infection it causes is considered to be a neglected endemic mycosis, a type of neglected tropical disease.[7]

Ecology

P. lutzii occurs in nature as a filamentous structure. It forms conidia as part of its life cycle, which cause infection when inhaled into the respiratory tract of humans.[8]

Epidemiology
Lesions of paracoccidioidomycosis on a Brazilian child

Little is known about the epidemiology of the new species, as most previous epidemiological reports have focused on P. brasiliensis.[9] Infection with the Paracoccidioides species, known as paracoccidioidomycosis, may be asymptomatic and subclinical, or may form into either acute/subacute (juvenile) or chronic (adult) forms of the disease.[8] P. lutzii has less adhesion to lung cells than P. brasilensis, potentially explaining its decreased virulence.[3]

It is predominantly distributed in the Central west and Amazon regions of Brazil and Ecuador.[8]

Social and environmental changes, including increased agriculturalization, deforestation in Brazil, expansion of settlements and coffee agriculture could explain the increased incidence of Paracoccidioidies, especially in the Rondônia state of Brazil.[8]

References
  1. Hrycyk, Marluce Francisca; Garcia Garces, Hans; Bosco, Sandra de Moraes Gimenes; de Oliveira, Sílvio Luis; Marques, Sílvio Alencar; Bagagli, Eduardo (2018-01-06). "Ecology of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, P. lutzii and related species: infection in armadillos, soil occurrence and mycological aspects". Medical Mycology. 56 (8): 950–962. doi:10.1093/mmy/myx142. PMID 29325170.
  2. Gonzalez, Angel; Hernandez, Orville (2016). "New insights into a complex fungal pathogen: the case of Paracoccidioides spp". Yeast. 33 (4): 113–128. doi:10.1002/yea.3147. PMID 26683539.
  3. Mendes-Giannini, Maria J. S.; Fusco-Almeida, Ana M.; Alarcon, Kaila M.; Singulani, Junya de Lacorte; Da Silva, Julhiany De Fátima; de Paula E Silva, Ana C. A.; Scorzoni, Liliana; Marcos, Caroline M.; Assato, Patrícia A. (2015). "Paracoccidioides-host Interaction: An Overview on Recent Advances in the Paracoccidioidomycosis". Frontiers in Microbiology. 6: 1319. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.01319. PMC 4658449. PMID 26635779.
  4. Lacaz, CS; Franco (1994). "Historical evolution of the knowledge on paracoccidioidomycosis and its etiologic agent, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis". Boca Raton:CRC Press: 1–11.
  5. Soares Felipe, Maria Sueli; San-Blas, Gioconda; Bagagli, Eduardo; Hahn, Rosane Christine; Machado, Gabriel Capella; Oliveira, Fabiana Freire Mendes de; Theodoro, Raquel Cordeiro; Teixeira, Marcus de Melo (2014). "Paracoccidioides lutzii sp. nov.: biological and clinical implications". Medical Mycology. 52 (1): 19–28. doi:10.3109/13693786.2013.794311. PMID 23768243.
  6. Camargo, Zoilo Pires de; Hahn, Rosane Christine; Paniago, Anamaria Mello Miranda; Rodrigues, Anderson Messias; Pereira, Edy Firmina; Araujo, Leticia Mendes; Gegembauer, Gregory (2014-07-17). "Serology of Paracoccidioidomycosis Due to Paracoccidioides lutzii". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 8 (7): e2986. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002986. PMC 4102441. PMID 25032829.
  7. Queiroz-Telles, Flavio; Fahal, Ahmed Hassan; Falci, Diego R; Caceres, Diego H; Chiller, Tom; Pasqualotto, Alessandro C (November 2017). "Neglected endemic mycoses". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 17 (11): e367–e377. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30306-7. PMID 28774696.
  8. Shikanai-Yasuda, Maria Aparecida; Mendes, Rinaldo Pôncio; Colombo, Arnaldo Lopes; Queiroz-Telles, Flávio de; Kono, Adriana Satie Gonçalves; Paniago, Anamaria M. M; Nathan, André; Valle, Antonio Carlos Francisconi do; Bagagli, Eduardo (2017-07-12). "Brazilian guidelines for the clinical management of paracoccidioidomycosis". Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical. 50 (5): 715–740. doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0230-2017. PMID 28746570.
  9. Martinez, Roberto (September 2015). "Epidemiology of Paracoccidioidomycosis". Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo. 57 (suppl 19): 11–20. doi:10.1590/S0036-46652015000700004. PMC 4711199. PMID 26465364.
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