Pennsylvania Railroad class K4

The Pennsylvania Railroad's K4 4-6-2 "Pacific" (425 built 1914–1928, PRR Altoona, Baldwin) was their premier passenger-hauling steam locomotive from 1914 through the end of steam on the PRR in 1957.

Pennsylvania Railroad K4s
A K4s-hauled train pauses at Aberdeen, Maryland on 1944-04-26. This is the classic prewar K4s configuration.
Type and origin
Power typeSteam
BuilderPRR Juniata Shops (350), Baldwin Locomotive Works (75)
Build date1914-1928
Total produced425
Specifications
Configuration:
​
 • Whyte4-6-2
Gauge4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)
Leading dia.36 in (914 mm)
Driver dia.80 in (2,032 mm)
Trailing dia.50 in (1,270 mm)
Length83 ft 6 in (25.45 m)
Height15 ft 0 in (4.57 m)
Axle load66,500 lb (30,200 kg; 30.2 t)
Adhesive weight199,500 lb (90,500 kg; 90.5 t)
Loco weight304,500 lb (138,100 kg; 138.1 t)
Tender weight212,725 lb (96,490 kg; 96.490 t)
Total weight517,225 lb (234,609 kg; 234.609 t)
Fuel typeCoal
Fuel capacity32,000 lb (15,000 kg; 15 t)
Water cap7,000 US gal (26,000 l; 5,800 imp gal)
Firebox:
 • Firegrate area		69.89 sq ft (6.493 m2)
Boiler pressure205 psi (1.41 MPa)
Cylinders2
Cylinder size27 in × 28 in (686 mm × 711 mm)
Valve gearWalschaert
Valve typePiston valves
Performance figures
Maximum speed90 mph (140 km/h)
Power output3,286 hp (2,450 kW)
Tractive effort44,460 lbf (197.8 kN)
Factor of adh.4.54
Career
Retired1947 - 1960[1]
PreservedNo. 1361 undergoing restoration and No. 3750 on display
DispositionTwo (Nos. 1361 and 3750) preserved, remainder scrapped
PRR K4s #8212 in 1920. This locomotive bears the distinctive Lines West smokebox-door headlight, which would be later relocated higher.
First K4s prototype #1737 in its official builder's photo. Note the small tender set up for hand firing, the manual reverse, the piston tail-rods, and the oil lamp - all features that would soon change.
Dimensioned drawing.

Attempts were made to replace the K4s, including the K5 and the T1 duplex locomotive, but neither were really successful. The K4s hauled the vast majority of express passenger trains until they were replaced by diesel locomotives. The K4s were not powerful enough for the heavier trains they often pulled from the mid-1930s onward, so they were often double or even triple headed. This was effective, but expensive, and several crews were needed. The PRR did have the extra locomotives, many having been displaced by electrification.

It is recognized as the State Steam Locomotive of Pennsylvania. On December 18, 1987, Pennsylvania Governor Robert P. Casey signed into law House Bill No. 1211 naming the PRR K4 as the “official” state steam locomotive, according that title to both K4 survivors, 1361 and 3750.

Development

The K4s was designed under the supervision of PRR Chief of Motive Power J.T. Wallis, assisted by Chief Mechanical Engineer Alfred W. Gibbs and Mechanical Engineer Axel Vogt, as one of a pair of classes with the L1s 2-8-2 "Mikado", sharing a boiler and other features. Some inspiration came from the large experimental K29s Pacific built in 1911 by the American Locomotive Company. Also influential was Gibbs' design for the successful E6 4-4-2 "Atlantics", from which the K4s inherited its heat-treated, lightweight machinery, its cast-steel KW trailing truck, and much of its appearance.

The K4s design increased grate area from previous classes' 55 to 70 sq ft (5.1 to 6.5 m2). The boiler barrel was fatter than previous classes, and the increase in heating surface and boiler size gave the class good steam-generating capability. Equipment on the prototype, built in 1914, was conservative and included a screw reverse (power reverse would soon be added), a small 70-P-70 tender holding only 7,000 US gallons (26,000 l) of water and 12½ tons of coal set up for hand firing, a wooden cowcatcher pilot, a square-cased, old-fashioned headlight and piston tailrods (soon to go).

The K4s design was successful enough that it influenced other locomotive designs, and not only those of other PRR locomotives. London and North Eastern Railway Chief Mechanical Engineer Nigel Gresley incorporated much of the boiler design (including the tapered shape) into his famous Class A1 Pacific.[2]

A World War I era prototype had distinctive "chicken coop" slat pilots, while the Post-War versions had modern pilots.

Production

Three years elapsed until production examples were built. Partly, this was due to extensive testing, but wartime necessitated priority in construction to the L1s Mikado type for freight. In 1917 Altoona's Juniata Shops started producing K4s in numbers. The first 168 carried widely scattered road numbers as traditional for the PRR, but subsequent locomotives produced after 1920 were numbered in consecutive blocks.

YearQuantityFleet numbers
191411737
19174112,20,43,122,227,299,358-359,383,389,422,612,623,669,719,830,920,

1120,1139,1188,1195,1395,1453,1462,1488,1497,2034,2445,5022,5038,

5041,5058,5072,5077,5086,5147,5154,5238,5243,5253,5296

19181118,16,225,262,269,295,452,518,526,646,837,850,911,945,949,958,962,

1329–1330,1339,1361,1392,1433,1435-1436,1517,1522,1526,1531,1533,

1546,1551,1554,1588,1653,1980,1981,1983-1985,2032,2112,2665,2673,

2761,3654-3655,3667-3684,5334-5349,7053-7054,7116,7133,7244,

7914,7938,8009,8085,8157,8161,8165,8181,8195,8212,8218,8225,8236,

8240,8242,8251,8261,8278,8281,8309,8334,8347,8373,8377-8378

1919157267,7270,7273-7275,7278-7280,7287-7288,8068,8108,8114,8122,8137 for PRR Lines West
1920503726–3775
1923573800, 3801, 3805–3807, 3838–3889
1924505350–5399
1927925400–5491
192885492–5499
425Total production

Numbers 5400–5474 were built by Baldwin, while all others were constructed at the PRR's Juniata Shops.

Modifications

The PRR experimented extensively with its K4s fleet, trying out streamlining, poppet valves, smoke deflectors, driving wheel types and others.

Streamlining

A number of K4s locomotives had streamlining applied over the years, to varying degrees. All were later removed, restoring the locomotives to their original appearance.

No. 3768
#3768 in Raymond Loewy casing.

Locomotive #3768 was clad in a shroud designed by famed industrial designer Raymond Loewy in February 1936. This was a very concealing, enveloping streamlined casing which hid most of the functionality of the steam locomotive, leading to its nickname of "The Torpedo" by train crews. Clay models of Loewy's design streamlined K4s and conventional K4s are tested in wind tunnel for smoke-lifting ability by Alexander Klemin of the Daniel Guggenheim School of Aeronautics of New York University (CMP), of 24 variations, 4 were chosen for wind tunnel tests to determine the final design.

At first, the locomotive was not painted in standard Dark Green Locomotive Enamel (DGLE) but instead in a bronze color. It was later refinished in DGLE. A matching tender ran on unusual six-wheel trucks. Like most streamlined steam locomotives, the shrouds impeded maintenance and the covers over the wheels were later removed. For a time, the locomotive was the preferred engine for the Broadway Limited.

The 3768 can be seen in action in the 1945 film, The Great Flamarion. The 3768 renumbered as 3763 can be seen in the film Broadway Limited (film).

Nos. 1120, 2665, 3678, and 5338
One of the four, #1120.

These four locomotives were streamlined in 1940 and 1941 with simpler, closer-fitting casings that hid less of the steam locomotives' workings, In that sense, they were similar to Henry Dreyfuss's casings for NYC Hudsons. According to an interview of John W. Epstein, Special Projects Manager and vice president, Raymond Loewy & AssoC., [1] this four streamlined K4s was designed by Raymond Loewy but due to WWII, there was no publicity about it.[3] PRR #1120 and #2665 were streamlined in 1940 for the South Wind, a named passenger train equipped and operated jointly by the Pennsylvania Railroad, the Louisville and Nashville Railroad, the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad (later Seaboard Coast Line), and the Florida East Coast Railway. The South Wind began operations in December 1940, providing streamliner service between Chicago, Illinois and Miami, Florida.

PRR No. 3678 and No. 5338 were streamlined in 1941 for The Jeffersonian, one of the PRR's premier, all-coach train between New York and St. Louis. They were also seen hauling the Broadway Limited (New York to Chicago), Liberty Limited (Washington to Chicago), and the Trail Blazer (New York to Chicago) occasionally. During World War II, these four locomotives formed a streamlined steam engine fleet within the PRR system with another five locomotives that were also designed by noted industrial designer Raymond Loewy, they were the PRR S1 #6100, PRR Q1#6130, T1 #6110, #6111 and K4s #3768. Streamline shrouding of these four K4s Pacific locomotives were removed after 1950, together with PRR K4s #3678.

A streamlined K4 at the 1939 New York World's Fair.

No. 1188

K4s #1188 was given a boiler-top streamlined "skyline" casing, but no other streamlining, and was nicknamed "The Skyline".

Cross-Counterbalanced Disc Drivers

K4s 5484 was refitted with cross-counterbalanced disc drivers.

"Elephant Ear" Smoke Deflectors

K4s 5038 was given "elephant ear" smoke deflectors and a shroud for the smokestack, the use of which were uncommon for the PRR system.

Boosters

K4s numbers 3676, 5399, and 5436 were fitted with booster engines on the trailing trucks in 1941.

Roller Bearings

K4s numbers 20 and 5371 were fitted with roller bearings.

Poppet Valves

K4s 5399 was rebuilt by Lima in 1939, with, among other improvements, poppet valves actuated by Franklin oscillating cams. K4s 5436 was fitted with stem actuated valves in 1940. They were designed by Lloyd Jones, the Engineer of tests at the Altoona Works. In 1945, K4s 3847 was given a front-end throttle and Franklin rotary-actuated poppet valves. All performed well, but were difficult to maintain.

K4sa

K4s numbers 612, 1985, 5405, 5481 and 5484 were converted with 15" piston valves, higher steam domes and circulators, and front-end throttles, and were re-classed as K4sa.

Preservation
3750 at the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania

There are only two surviving K4s class locomotives:

Main article: Pennsylvania Railroad 3750

Number 3750 is on display at the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania in Strasburg. This is the locomotive that powered Warren G. Harding's funeral train.

Main article: Pennsylvania Railroad 1361

Number 1361 was restored for operation by the Railroaders Memorial Museum in Altoona in 1987 but persistent bearing problems ended its operation the following year. The locomotive was moved to the Steamtown National Historic Site and the boiler moved to the East Broad Top shops. The disassembled locomotive laid in pieces for 22 years before the project was officially abandoned in 2010. The Museum cited changes in FRA safety standards and new limits to mainline railway access that would make operation impractical.[4] In May 2018 a group of preservationists, engineers and financial backers initiated a new restoration study. The work would include a detailed assessment of the engineering needs and a sustainable operating plan.[5] The group plans to replicate a 1940s Pennsylvania Railroad passenger train. It would work with the state's educators to give rides at tourist railroads within the state to school children on field trips, thus educating them on the history of how the Pennsylvania Railroad shaped their state.[6] As of February 2019 the group was designing a new boiler that would meet current FRA and mechanical engineering standards. According to industrial engineer and project leader Bennett Levin, "We want to ensure that wherever the locomotive runs, nobody will raise the issue of noncompliance...[7]

In fiction
  • The Thomas and Friends character Hank is based on the K4, specifically # 1361.[8]
  • Also, the Thomas and Friends character Gordon was converted into the streamlined form of this locomotive in the film The Great Race. However, he was converted into his original form after the events of the movie.

References
  1. "PRR 3750, K-4S, 195". RR Picture Archives. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
  2. "LNER Encyclopedia - The LNER A1 and A3 Gresley Pacifics". Retrieved February 12, 2019.
  3. KEYSTONE magazine VOL 26, Number 3, Autumn 1993
  4. Kibler, William (April 14, 2010). "Official: Working K-4 plans derailed" (PDF). Altoon Mirror. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
  5. Keefe, Kevin (May 29, 2018). "Contemplating a K4 1361 comeback". Classic Trains, Kalmbach Media. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
  6. "New effort will focus on restoration of famed Pennsylvania Railroad K4s No. 1361 (May 10, 2018)". Retrieved February 12, 2019.
  7. Kibler, William (February 3, 2019). "Getting up to steam - Group planning new boiler for K4". Altoona Mirror. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
  8. "Hank - Character Profile & Bio". Thomas & Friends. HIT Entertainment. Archived from the original on November 30, 2018. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
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