Periodical Press Galleries of the United States Congress

The Periodical Press Galleries (PPG), along with the Daily Press Galleries, Radio and Television Galleries, and Senate Photographers’ Gallery, comprise the four media galleries of the United States Congress. The United States Congress is the only legislature to divide its media into distinct press galleries.[1] Collectively known as the Periodical Press Galleries, the PPG maintain two separate offices in the House and Senate wings of the Capitol in order to “assist Members of Congress, Congressional staff, and bona fide correspondents covering Congress, with media logistics and press-related concerns.”[2][3]

The House Periodical Press Gallery operates under Rule VI of the Rules of the House of Representatives, and the Senate Periodical Press Gallery under Rule XXXIII of the Standing Rules of the United States Senate. Under these rules, the Speaker of the House and the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration maintain final authority over all the press galleries.

Press accreditation

The main purpose of the Periodical Press Galleries is to credential correspondents from magazines, newsletters, non-daily newspapers and online publications. In turn, this provides correspondents media access to:

Creation of the media galleries

Prior to the creation of the congressional media galleries, the House and Senate handled the issuance of press credentials. Each house passed regulations independently of one another to limit lobbyists and claim agents of the Revolutionary and Civil War pensioners from obtaining press credentials.[4] The House first adopted a resolution in 1838 that required correspondents to have written permission from the Speaker of the House, and that they identify their employer. The Senate adopted a similar stance in 1841, permitting only bona fide correspondents access to a special press gallery. Further regulations were passed as attempts to curtail lobbying and the corruption of journalism, but scandals persisted.[5] The House and Senate eventually conceded to reporters’ demands for self-regulation by allowing for the first of the congressional media galleries to be created, the Daily Press Gallery. This press gallery was to be supervised by a body of reporters called the Standing Committee of Correspondents, who first published Rules for Membership in 1879.[6]

The Periodical Press Galleries

The increasing appearance of trade journals and business magazines following World War I, along with the widespread prevalence of radio as a news medium, demonstrated the need for additional media galleries.[7] In 1933, radio correspondents from an independent news service of CBS applied for admission to the Daily Press Galleries.[8] Since it did not represent daily newspapers or have any association with daily telegraphic services, the Standing Committee of Correspondents denied the application.[9] Under the same reasoning, the Standing Committee also denied correspondents from Oil News Bureau and Time in 1937. In 1939, Fulton Lewis Jr. of Mutual Broadcasting System also applied to the Daily Press Gallery and was subsequently denied. He conferred with the Senate and House Rules Committees and was successful in receiving approval for a Radio Gallery in that same year.[10] This helped lead the way for final approval of a Periodical Press Gallery in 1941.

The executive committee of periodical correspondents

Since its inception, the Periodical Press Galleries have been supervised by the Executive Committee of Periodical Correspondents, a body of seven Periodical Press Gallery members elected every session of Congress. The Executive Committee is tasked with reviewing press credential applications. Publications must meet the criteria specified in the Rules of the Periodical Press Galleries and receive a majority vote of the Executive Committee members in order to be formally admitted to the Gallery. The Executive Committee also addresses any concerns of its membership, including press access, workspace, and Gallery employees.

List of the Executive Committee of Periodical Correspondents Chairmen
ChairmanYear(s)Publication
Henry Ralph1941-1944Oil & Gas Journal
Gilbert Stewart1945-1946Newsweek
Frank McNaughton1947-1952Time
George Cullen1953-1962Bureau of National Affairs
W.B. Ragsdale1963-1964United States News
Neil MacNeil1965-1966Time
W.B. Ragsdale1967-1968United States News (U.S. News and World Report)
Earl Abrams1969-1970Telecasting Publications
Donald Smith1971U.S. News & World Report
David Secrest1971-1972McGraw-Hill
Robert Horowitz1973-1974Army Times
Samuel Shaffer1975-1976Newsweek
Dale Taft1977-1978Kiplinger Washington Editors
Gerald Parshall1979-1980U.S. News & World Report
Henry Hubbard1981-1982Newsweek
Donald Bacon1983-1984U.S. News & World Report
Rebecca Pearl1985-1986Bureau of National Affairs
Martha Craver1987-1988Army Times
Richard Cohen1988-1989National Journal
Doug Harbrecht1990-1991McGraw Hill
Hays Gorey1991-1992Time/Warner
Alexis Simendinger1993-1994Bureau of National Affairs
Rick Dunham1995-1996McGraw Hill
Craig Winneker1997-1998Capital Style (Roll Call)
Richard Maze1999-2000Army Times
Cheryl Bolen2001-2002Bureau of National Affairs
Lorraine Woellert2003-2006Business Week
Heidi Glenn2007Tax Notes
Richard Cohen2007-2011National Journal, Politico
Heather Rothman2011–2016Bureau of National Affairs
Leo Shane III 2016–Present Sightline Media Group

When the Gallery was established in 1941, periodical correspondents were assigned six seats in the House Gallery, designated by Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn. From 1941 to 1946, periodical correspondents relied on only these seats to observe and report on the House floor debates. In 1946, physical office space was obtained in the House wing of the Capitol Building, where correspondents were given access to a telephone booth and room to set up typewriters and hang hats.[7] One year later, the Executive Committee of Periodical Correspondents was successful in securing seats in the Senate Gallery. Room S-320 in the Senate wing of the Capitol Building was also obtained for a Senate Periodical Press Gallery office, where it has remained since.[5] The House Periodical Press Gallery office space was later reassigned in 1971 to H-304 of the Capitol Building, its current location.

Each Gallery office is managed by a Gallery director, formerly known as a superintendent, who is appointed by the Executive Committee of Periodical Correspondents and approved by the Speaker of the House or Senate Sergeant at Arms. Gallery employees are non-partisan and bound by the rules of their respective houses regarding ethics and employment.[11]

House Gallery DirectorYear(s)Senate Gallery DirectorYear(s)
William Perry1946William Perry1946-1973
Paul Ridgely1946-1953Roy McGhee1973-1991
Delmar Malkie1953-1954James Talbert1991-2000
Don Womack1954-1956Edward Pesce2000–2015
Clarence T. Day 1956-1972 Justin Wilson 2016–Present
Jeanne Hundley Ordway1972-1974
David Holmes1974-2002
Robert Zatkowski2002–Present

In the 77th session of Congress, Gallery membership included 18 publications and 42 credentialed correspondents.[12] Membership has grown from magazines and non-daily newspapers to include new forms of print and online media. Newsletters were first approved in 1974, email-based publications in 1993, fax publications in 1994, CD-ROM publications in 1995, and online publications in 1996. The number of credentialed correspondents has grown over the years. In the 112th session of Congress, there were over 1,200 credentialed periodical correspondents representing 162 different publications.[13] A large proportion of credentialed publications still represent the types of trade publications that were instrumental in founding the Periodical Press Galleries.[14]

History of the rules of the Periodical Press Galleries

The Rules of the Periodical Press Galleries were created in the same year as its inception, using some of the earlier regulations passed by Congress as a model for membership rules. The Executive Committee designed the Rules to protect the interests of Congress and the integrity of the press corps, as well as prevent groups with lobbying ties from using press credentials to influence legislation.[5]

The Rules have undergone only slight revisions since they were first created. Extending membership to newsletters, Rule II was amended by the Executive Committee in 1972 and approved in 1973 by the Speaker of the House and the Senate Rules Committee, to include “or by subscription.”[15] Rule II was again amended in 1979 in order to extend membership to publications published by non-profit organizations as long as they met all of the criteria put forth in Rule II.[16] Since 1979, the Executive Committee has periodically formed subcommittees to reexamine the Rules and their application. Each time, these subcommittees concluded that the Rules remained relevant and made no recommendations for their revision.

Rules of the Periodical Press Galleries

Rule I[17]

Persons eligible for admission to the Periodical Press Galleries must be bona fide resident correspondents of reputable standing, giving their chief attention to the gathering and reporting of news. They shall state in writing the names of their employers and their additional sources of earned income; and they shall declare that, while a member of the Galleries, they will not act as an agent in the prosecution of claims, and will not become engaged or assist, directly or indirectly, in any lobbying, promotion, advertising, or publicity activity intended to influence legislation or any other action of the Congress, nor any matter before any independent agency, or any department or other instrumentality of the Executive branch; and that they will not act as an agent for, or be employed by the Federal, or any State, local or foreign government or representatives thereof; and that they will not, directly or indirectly, furnish special or "insider" information intended to influence prices or for the purpose of trading on any commodity or stock exchange; and that they will not become employed, directly or indirectly, by any stock exchange, board of trade or other organization or member thereof, or brokerage house or broker engaged in the buying and selling of any security or commodity. Applications shall be submitted to the Executive Committee of the Periodical Correspondents' Association and shall be authenticated in a manner satisfactory to the Executive Committee.

Rule II

Applicants must be employed by periodicals that regularly publish a substantial volume of news material of either general, economic, industrial, technical, cultural, or trade character. The periodical must require such Washington coverage on a continuing basis and must be owned and operated independently of any government, industry, institution, association, or lobbying organization. Applicants must also be employed by a periodical that is published for profit and is supported chiefly by advertising or by subscription, or by a periodical meeting the conditions in this paragraph but published by a nonprofit organization that, first, operates independently of any government, industry, or institution and, second, does not engage, directly or indirectly, in any lobbying or other activity intended to influence any matter before Congress or before any independent agency or any department or other instrumentality of the Executive branch. House organs are not eligible.

Rule III

Members of the families of correspondents are not entitled to the privileges of the galleries.

Rule IV

The Executive Committee may issue temporary credentials permitting the privileges of the galleries to individuals who meet the rules of eligibility but who may be on short-term assignment or temporarily residing in Washington.

Rule V

Under the authority of rule 6 of the House of Representatives and of rule 33 of the Senate, the Periodical Galleries shall be under the control of the Executive Committee, subject to the approval and supervision of the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration. It shall be the duty of the Executive Committee, at its discretion, to report violations of the privileges of the galleries to the Speaker or the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration, and pending action thereon, the offending correspondent may be suspended. The committee shall be elected at the start of each Congress by members of the Periodical Correspondents' Association and shall consist of seven members with no more than one member from any one publishing organization. The committee shall elect its own officers and a majority of the committee may fill vacancies on the committee. The list in the Congressional Directory shall be a list only of members of the Periodical Correspondents' Association.

Contested decisions of the executive committee

Consumers Union

In 1973, Consumers Union, publisher of Consumer Reports, applied for membership to the Periodical Press Galleries. The Executive Committee denied the publication membership on the grounds that the publication was not “owned and operated independently of any government, industry, institution, association, or lobbying organization” (Rule II). Consumers Union subsequently appealed to the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration and the Speaker of the House. The Senate Committee on Rules affirmed the Executive Committee’s decision, and the Speaker of the House took no action.

Consumers Union then sued the Executive Committee in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, claiming that the denial of its membership application violated its First Amendment and Fifth Amendment rights. The District Court held in favor of Consumers Union. That decision was later reversed by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, who held that credentialing members of the Periodical Gallery was a function protected by the Speech or Debate Clause, because it falls within the “legitimate legislative sphere.” The Court reasoned that the Executive Committee was acting pursuant to the Rules of the House of Representatives and the Standing Rules of the Senate which are promulgated pursuant to the Rulemaking Clause of the Constitution, and thus that the Executive Committee acted pursuant to authority “which the Constitution places with the jurisdiction of either House.” Also, the court reasoned that the actions of the Executive Committee were an “integral part of the legislative machinery,” and therefore an “integral part of the deliberation process.” Accordingly, the suit was dismissed because the Speech or Debate Clause rendered the Executive Committee immune from suit.[18]

Executive Intelligence Review

In 1986, the Executive Committee denied the publication Executive Intelligence Review admission to the Periodical Press Galleries under the Rule II criteria. The Speaker of the House and the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration did not respond to requests to overturn the Executive Committee’s decision. The correspondent for Executive Intelligence Review then filed suit and asked the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia to declare Rule II unconstitutional. The Court dismissed the case on the basis of Consumers Union, the Speech or Debate Clause, and separation-of-powers concerns. The Court found that the Rules of the House of Representatives fully empowered the Executive Committee to determine eligibility for press credentials, and that given the Rulemaking Clause, Courts are without jurisdiction to second guess such eligibility requirements or the exercise of that power by the Executive Committee.[19]

Vigdor Schreibman and Federal Information News Syndicate

Vigdor Schreibman, a previously credentialed journalist who launched his own website entitled Federal Information News Syndicate (FINS), applied for credentials to the Periodical Press Galleries in 1996. The Executive Committee denied him credentials under Rule II, concluding that Schreibman was not a full-time journalist, he did not receive a salary, and that FINS was not published for profit. Schreibman appealed to the Speaker of the House and the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration, but neither took any action. Schreibman then filed suit in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, which dismissed the suit as foreclosed by Consumers Union. Schreibman appealed, but the D.C. Circuit Court held Consumers Union indistinguishable and therefore controlling.[20]

References
  1. Ritchie, Donald. Press Gallery: Congress and the Washington Correspondents. Harvard University Press, 1991.
  2. About the Gallery. House Periodical Press Gallery
  3. About the Senate Periodical Press Gallery. Senate Periodical Press Gallery
  4. Byrd, Robert C. The Senate 1780-1989, Addresses on the History of the U.S. Senate. Vol. II. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. 1982.
  5. MacNeil, Neil. Memorandum on the Origins of the Senate and U.S. Periodical Press Galleries and their Rules. 3 December 1973.
  6. About the Gallery. House Daily Press Gallery
  7. Marbut, F.B. News from the Capitol: The Story of Washington Reporting. Southern Illinois University Press, 1971.
  8. Jackaway, Gwenyth. Media at War: Radio’s Challenge to the Newspapers, 1924-1939. Praeger, 1995.
  9. Schuck, Peter H. “Press Gallery: Radio News Men Seek Entree to Congress.” Newsweek 11 November 1933: 26.
  10. Gate Crasher. Time Volume 33: 8 May 1939, 28.
  11. Statement of David Secrest, chairman of the Executive Committee of Periodical Correspondents before the Select Subcommittee on Non-Essential Employees, House Administrations Committee, 16 August 1972.
  12. Official Congressional Directory, 1940-1941, 77th Congress. Washington, DC: Joint Committee on Printing United States Congress, United States Government Printing Office, 1941. 737-740.
  13. Official Congressional Directory, 2011-2012, 112th Congress. Washington, DC: Joint Committee on Printing United States Congress, United States Government Printing Office, 2012. 1057-1078.
  14. Grim, Ryan. “Washington’s Trade Press: An Army at the Back of the Media Gaggle.” Politico 26 February 2007.
  15. Official Congressional Directory, 1973, 93rd Congress. Washington, DC: Joint Committee on Printing United States Congress, United States Government Printing Office, 1973. 916-917.
  16. Official Congressional Directory, 1979, 96th Congress, First Session. Washington, DC: Joint Committee on Printing United States Congress, United States Government Printing Office, 1979. 901-902.
  17. Rules of the Periodical Press Gallery. House Periodical Press Gallery
  18. Consumers Union v. Periodical Correspondents’ Association, 515 F.2d 1341 (D.C.Cir.1975)
  19. Pettingell v. Executive Committee of Correspondents. No. 85-cv--2742, 1986 WL 8569 (D.D.C March 31, 1986)
  20. Schreibman v. Holmes, No.1:96-cv-01287, 1997 WL 527341 (D.D.C. Aug. 18, 1997) aff'd, 203 F.3d 53 (D.C.Cir.1999)
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.