Picris

Picris (oxtongues) is a genus in the sunflower family described as a genus by Linnaeus in 1753.[2]

oxtongues
Picris hieracioides[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Asterids
Order:
Asterales
Family:
Asteraceae
Tribe:
Cichorieae
Genus:
Picris

Type species
Picris hieracioides
Synonyms[6]

Picris species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, such as the grass moth Diasemia reticularis. Schinia cardui feeds exclusively on P. hieracioides.

The genus is widespread across Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia.[11][12][13]

Description

Erect annual to perennial taprooted herbs, mostly branching, stem and leaves bearing stiff bristly hairs, with rather large, usually corymbose or paniculate heads of yellow flowers.[14][15]

Taxonomy

Taxonomic History

The genus Picris was first validly described by Linnaeus in 1753[2] with the genus being accepted by a number of secondary sources including Plants of the World Online.[16] Linnaeus initially described four species with P. hieracioides, P. echioides, P. pyrenaica and P. asplenioides.[2] In 1913, Britton and Brown proposed P. asplenioides as the type species for the genus.[14] Subsequently, in 1930, Hitchcock and Green alternatively proposed P. hieracioides as the type species.[17] The Hitchcock and Green proposal was adopted by Lack in 1975 and accepted by Jarvis in 1992.[18][19] Lack argued that Linnaeus never saw P. asplenioides which Linnaeus regarded as an obscure species and no specimen could be found in the Linnean Herbarium.[18] For this reason Lack concluded that P. hieracioides should be designated as the type species.[18]

In 1794, the German botanist Conrad Moench described the genus Medicusia and the species M. aspera.[8] This genus has not been accepted and is considered a synonym of Picris. M. aspera has also been determined to be a synonym of P. rhagadioloides.[20]

Etymology

Picris is from the Greek picros meaning bitter in reference to the bitter taste of some species in the Genus.[15][14]

Species
Species[21]
  • Picris albida
  • Picris altissima
  • Picris amalecitana
  • Picris angustifolia
  • Picris aspera
  • Picris asplenioides
  • Picris atlantica
  • Picris babylonica
  • Picris barbarorum
  • Picris bracteatus
  • Picris burbidgeae
  • Picris campylocarpa
  • Picris comosa
  • Picris compacta
  • Picris conyzoides
  • Picris cupuligera
  • Picris cyanocarpa
  • Picris cyprica
  • Picris cyrenaica
  • Picris davurica
  • Picris divaricata
  • Picris drummondii
  • Picris eichleri
  • Picris evae
  • Picris flexuosa
  • Picris galilaea
  • Picris helminthioides
  • Picris hieracioides
  • Picris hispanica
  • Picris hispidissima
  • Picris humilis
  • Picris japonica
  • Picris junnanensis
  • Picris kotschyi
  • Picris littoralis
  • Picris longifolia
  • Picris longirostris
  • Picris macloviana
  • Picris macrantha
  • Picris macrorhiza
  • Picris manginiana
  • Picris morrisonensis
  • Picris nigricans
  • Picris nuristanica
  • Picris ohwiana
  • Picris olympica
  • Picris pauciflora
  • Picris pygmaea
  • Picris racemosa
  • Picris rhagadioloides
  • Picris rivularis
  • Picris sancta
  • Picris scaberrima
  • Picris scabra
  • Picris senecioides
  • Picris sinuata
  • Picris spinosissima
  • Picris squarrosa
  • Picris strigosa
  • Picris sulphurea
  • Picris wagenitzii
  • Picris willkommii
  • Picris xylopoda

References
  1. 1885 illustration from Prof. Dr. Otto Wilhelm Thomé Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz 1885, Gera, Germany
  2. Linnaeus 1753, p. 792.
  3. "Picris". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  4. Taxon 44: 611-612 (1995)
  5. Tropicos, Picris L.
  6. Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist
  7. Schultz 1833, p. 725.
  8. Moench 1794, p. 536.
  9. Boissier 1849, p. 35.
  10. Shultz 1834, p. 479.
  11. Flora of China Vol. 20-21 Page 347 毛连菜属 mao lian cai shu Picris Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 792. 1753.
  12. Altervista Flora Italiana, genere Picris
  13. Atlas of Living Australia, search for Picris
  14. Britton & Brown 1913, p. 311.
  15. Holzapfel 2015, p. 143.
  16. Kew Science Plants of the World Online, retrieved 19 July 2020
  17. Hitchcock & Green 1930, p. 177.
  18. Lack 1975.
  19. Jarvis 1992.
  20. Compositae Database 2020.
  21. The Plant List search for Picris

Bibliography
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