Pompeii Lakshmi

The Pompeii Lakshmi is an ivory statuette that was discovered in the ruins of Pompeii, which was destroyed in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius 79 CE. She was found by Amedeo Maiuri, an Italian scholar in 1938.[1] The statuette has been dated to the first-century CE.[2] The statuette is thought of as representing an Indian goddess of feminine beauty and fertility. It is possible that the sculpture originally formed the handle of a mirror.[3] Lakshmi is a reminder of commercial trade of goods and resources between India and Italy in the first century CE. Over the years historians have been able to connect Roman trade with the far east specifically India.

Pompeii Lakshmi
An ivory statuette of Lakshmi (1st century CE), found in the ruins of Pompeii (destroyed in an eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE).
MaterialIvory
Height24.5 cm (9 1⁄2 in)
Discoveredc. 1930–1938
Pompeii
Present locationSecret Museum, Naples, Italy
Identification149425

Originally, it was thought that the statuette represented the goddess Lakshmi, a goddess of fertility, beauty and wealth, revered by early Hindus, Buddhists and Jains.[4][5] However, the iconography, in particular the exposed genitals, reveals that the figure is more likely to depict a yakshi, a female tree spirit that represents fertility, or possibly a syncretic version of Venus-Sri-Lakshmi from an ancient exchange between Classical Greco-Roman and Indian cultures.[1]

The figure is now in the Secret Museum in the Naples National Archaeological Museum.[6]

Contents
The Pompeii Lakshmi, front and back.
Sides of the statuette.

The statuette was discovered in October 1938 beside the Casa dei Quattro stili at Pompeii.[3]

Standing at 0.25 m. high the statuette is nearly naked apart from her narrow girdle and lavish jewels as well as an elaborate coiffure. She has two female attendants, one facing outward on each side, holding cosmetics containers.[4] The statuette has a hole bored down from the top of her head. There is the theory that its purpose may have been a mirror handle.[3]

The existence of this statuette in Pompeii by 79 CE, when Mount Vesuvius erupted and buried the city, testifies to the intensity of Indo-Roman trade relations during the 1st century CE.[4][7] This statuette has been dated by the Naples National Archaeological Museum as having been created in India in the first half of that century.[6]

Trade
Further information: Indo-Roman relations

Though the origin is not entirely certain, based on archeological finds and historian work, the Pompeii Lakshmi has had a questionable origin. There is evidence of the then active trade routes between the Roman Empire under Emperor Nero and India during this time period.[8] According to Pollard, with the Roman long-distance trade, she is believed to have found herself in the city during the reign of Augustus.[8] The archeological evidence suggests that the height of trade between Roman and India appears to have been the first and second centuries CE. This trade took place along several routes, both overland as documented by Isidore of Charax’s Parthian Stations, and by sea as the merchant guide known as the Periplus Maris Erythraei reveals.[8]

There is a possibility that the statuette found its way to the west during the rule of Western Satrap Nahapana in the Bhokardan area, and was shipped from the port of Barigaza.[9]

Rome played an important part in the Eastern oriental trade of antiquity, they imported many goods from India and at the same time set up their own trading stations in the country.[10] According to Cobb, trading through land routes such as crossing the Arabian Peninsula and Mesopotamia, and through seaborne trade from the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean were used by the Romans.[10]

The sea routes that utilized the winds of the Indian Ocean was able to create a significant volume of goods to be imported from the East on ships. The control over Egypt played an important role as power shifted from Greeks to the Romans post the battle of Actium and this change was reflected in the trade relationships between Greco-Roman empire and ancient Indian kingdoms. [11] 

The wealth of the trade was significant enough for Pliny to claim that 100 million sesterces were being sent annually to India, China, and Arabia.[10] With shipments of nard, ivory, and textiles it is clear from the archaeological evidence, that Roman trade with the East peaked in the first and second centuries CE.[10]

Origin
The statuette before reconstitution.
The Kharosthi letter śi was inscribed on the base of the statuette.[12]

It was initially assumed that the statuette had been produced at Mathura, but according to Dhavalikar, it is now thought that its place of production was Bhokardan since two similar figurines were discovered there.[13] Bhodarkan was a part of the Satavahana territory and cultural sphere, although it might have been held for a few decades by the Western Satraps, who may have been the ones who provided an export route to the Roman world.[14]

There is also an inscriptive mark in Kharosthi at the base of the Pompeii statuette (the letter śi, as the śi in Shiva).[12] This suggests she might have originated from the northwestern regions of India, Pakistan, or Afghanistan, or at least passed through these areas.[15] Since the Pompeii statuette was necessarily made sometime before 79 CE, if it was indeed manufactured in Gandhara, it would suggest that the Begram ivories are also of this early date, in the 1st century CE.[15]

Iconography

The statuette is represented in the round, and the center of two other female figures. The legs are turned to its side and one arm bent to hold earrings. She is presumed to only be looked at front the front because the details from the back are very flat. As stated by D’Ancona, the iconography falls into the broad category of female deities in India.[16]

Location of Bhokardan in India, where similar statuettes were found, and from where the Pompeii statuette may have originated.[13]

In a case of cross-cultural pollination, the theme of the goddess attended by two child attendants, which can be seen in the case of the Pompeii Lakshmi, is an uncommon depiction of Lakshmi or Yashis in Indian art. It lacks the lotus flower found in Lakshmi iconography. According to D'Ancona, the iconography represented in this statuette may have been imported from the Classical world, possibly derived from the iconography of Venus attended by cherubs holding cosmetics containers, which are well known in Greco-Roman art. She may be one of the several representations of Venus-Sri-Lakshmi that appeared in the 1st century CE, states D'Ancona.[1] The Pompeii Lakshmi would therefore be a mixture of Indian and Classical art.[1]

An early relief from Sanchi Stupa No.2 with a broadly similar scene of Lakshmi with two child attendants may have served as the initial inspiration for the Pompeii Lakshmi, especially knowing that the Satavahanas were in control of Sanchi from 50 BCE onward.[1] It is thought that these early reliefs at Sanchi Stupa No.2 were made by craftsmen from the northwest, specifically from the Indo-Greek region of Gandhara, as the reliefs bear mason's marks in Kharoshthi, as opposed to the local Brahmi script.[17] The craftsmen were probably responsible for the foreign-looking motifs and figures that can be found on the railings of the stupa.[17]

  • Venus with cupid attendants.
  • Venus with cupid attendants.
  • Lakshmi with lotus and two child attendants, Sanchi Stupa No.2, 115 BCE.

References
  1. An Indian Statuette from Pompeii, Mirella Levi D' Ancona, Artibus Asiae, Vol. 13, No. 3 (1950), pp. 166–180
  2. "Vol. 32, No. 24, May 8, 1939 of The Classical Weekly on JSTOR". JSTOR i402017. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. "Abstracts of Articles". The Classical Weekly. 32 (18): 214–215. 1939. JSTOR 4340562.
  4. Beard, Mary (2010). Pompeii: The Life of a Roman Town. Profile Books. p. 24. ISBN 978-1847650641.
  5. Wangu, Madhu Bazaz (2003). Images of Indian Goddesses: Myths, Meanings, and Models. Abhinav Publications. p. 57. ISBN 978-8170174165.
  6. "Lakshmi". Museo Archeologico Napoli. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
  7. De Albentiis, Emidio; Foglia, Alfredo (2009). Secrets of Pompeii: Everyday Life in Ancient Rome. Getty Publications. p. 43. ISBN 9780892369416.
  8. Pollard, Elizabeth Ann (2013-08-07). "Indian Spices and Roman "Magic" in Imperial and Late Antique Indomediterranea". Journal of World History. 24 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1353/jwh.2013.0012. ISSN 1527-8050. S2CID 145360753.
  9. Brancaccio, Pia (2010). The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: Transformations in Art and Religion. Brill. p. 64 Note 94. ISBN 978-9004185258.
  10. Cobb, Matthew Adam (April 2013). "The Reception and Consumption of Eastern Goods in Roman Society". Greece & Rome. 60 (1): 136–152. doi:10.1017/S0017383512000307. ISSN 0017-3835.
  11. Chakraborty R., Chakraborty S., Pompeii Lakshmi - Link between Ancient India, Greece and Rome
  12. Statuetta eburnea di arte indiana a Pompei, Maiuri p. 112
  13. Dhavalikar, M. K. (1999). "Chapter 4: Maharashatra: Environmental and Historical Process". In Kulkarni, A. R.; Wagle, N. K. (eds.). Region, Nationality and Religion. Popular Prakashan. p. 46. ISBN 9788171548552.
  14. Brancaccio, Pia (2010). The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: Transformations in Art and Religion. Brill. p. 64 Note 94. ISBN 978-9004185258.
  15. Afghanistan: Forging Civilizations Along the Silk Road, Joan Aruz, Elisabetta Valtz Fino, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2012 p. 75
  16. Albentiis, Emidio De; Foglia, Alfredo (2009). Secrets of Pompeii: Everyday Life in Ancient Rome. Getty Publications. ISBN 978-0892369416.
  17. An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology, by Amalananda Ghosh, Brill p. 295
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