Pressure ridge (lava)

A pressure ridge or a tumulus (plural: tumuli), and rarely referred to as a schollendome, is sometimes created in an active lava flow.[1] Formation occurs when the outer edges and surfaces of the lava flow begin to harden.[1] If the advancing lava underneath becomes restricted it may push up on the hardened crust, tilting it outward.[1][2] Inflation also takes place and is a process where the plastic layer of lava underneath expands as it cools and small crystals form.[1] The end result is a raised mound of hardened lava rock, usually a relatively narrow but long ridge.[1] Tension cracks form on the surface of pressure ridges and run along the axis of elongated ridges, and at both edges of broader ridges, sometimes referred to as pressure plateaus.[1] Along the edges of a pressure ridge, if the tension crack is large enough it will create a liftup cave.[1] Other caves can form inside pressure ridges in which conditions arose for the ridge to form and but the lava that created the internal pressure quickly drained leaving an inflationary cave.[3]

Pressure ridge

Pressure ridges may reach heights of 15 meters or more and lengths range more than 500 meters but most are less than 100 meters.[4]

Pressure plateaus

Similar to pressure ridges, pressure plateaus are uplifted areas of a ponded lava flow. Instead of narrow and elongated, pressure plateaus are generally wide and long with an amorphous shape. They are formed when the volume of lava funneled by a lava tube exceeds the capacity of the flow front to expand.[2]

References
  1. Chitwood, Lawrence A. (1989). "Inflated Lava" (PDF). Desert Ramblings, The Newsletter of the Oregon Natural Desert Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2009-08-18.
  2. Larson, Charles V. (1993). "An Illustrated Glossary of Lava Tube Features": 56. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. Skeels (2009-02-13). "Oregon High Desert Grotto". Retrieved 2009-08-18.
  4. Green, Jack; Short, Nicholas M. (1971). Volcanic Landforms and Surface Features. p. 492.

Further reading
  • Walker, George P L (1991). "Structure, and origin by injection of lava under surface crust, of tumuli, 'lava rises', 'lava-rise pits', and 'lava-inflation clefts' in Hawaii". Bulletin of Volcanology. 53 (7): 546–58. doi:10.1007/BF00298155.
  • Rossi, M.J; Gudmundsson, A (1996). "The morphology and formation of flow-lobe tumuli on Icelandic shield volcanoes". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 72 (3–4): 291–308. doi:10.1016/0377-0273(96)00014-5.
  • Glaze, L. S (2005). "Statistical distribution of tumuli on pahoehoe flow surfaces: Analysis of examples in Hawaii and Iceland and potential applications to lava flows on Mars". Journal of Geophysical Research. 110 (B8): B08202. doi:10.1029/2004JB003564.
  • Appelgate, Bruce; Embley, Robert W (1992). "Submarine tumuli and inflated tube-fed lava flows on Axial Volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge". Bulletin of Volcanology. 54 (6): 447–58. doi:10.1007/BF00301391.
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