Priscilla Johnson McMillan

Priscilla Johnson McMillan (born Priscilla Mary Post Johnson July 19, 1928) is an American journalist, translator, author, and historian. She is a Center Associate at the Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies at Harvard University.[1]

Priscilla Johnson McMillan
Born
Priscilla Mary Post Johnson

(1928-07-19) July 19, 1928
Glen Cove, New York, U.S.
NationalityAmerican
Education
Occupation
  • Journalist
  • translator
  • author
  • historian
Years active1958–present
Notable credit(s)
Spouse(s)
George McMillan
​
​
(m. 1966; div. 1980)​

At the beginning of her career she worked for Senator John F. Kennedy and saw him on an informal basis for several years after. During the late 1950s she served as reporter in Moscow for the North American Newspaper Alliance. In that role in 1959 she interviewed Lee Harvey Oswald for five hours as he was about to defect to the Soviet Union and her story about him was published in newspapers. Following the assassination of President Kennedy by Oswald, she became friendly with Oswald's widow and in 1977 published the acclaimed study Marina and Lee: The Tormented Love and Fatal Obsession Behind Lee Harvey Oswald's Assassination of John F. Kennedy. She also published a book about the Oppenheimer security hearing, called The Ruin of J. Robert Oppenheimer and the Birth of the Modern Arms Race, in 2005.

She is the only individual who, to a significant extent, personally knew both President Kennedy and his killer.[lower-alpha 1]

Early life and education

Priscilla Mary Post Johnson was born in Glen Cove, New York on July 19, 1928.[5] She grew up in the affluent hamlet of Locust Valley, New York,[6] on the North Shore of Long Island.[7] Her family, which descended from the Pilgrims, was prominent and had an entry in the Social Register.[6]

She went to the private, all-girls Brearley School in New York City.[6] She played tennis in those years, appearing in tournaments on Long Island.[8] Although she had been well born and was going to the "right" schools and engaging in the "right" activities, Johnson would belie any assumptions about what such a person would do with their life.[6] She was active in politics while at Brearley and thought that the nascent United Nations should have greater powers so as to be able to control nuclear weapons in the emerging Atomic Age.[9]

Johnson attended Bryn Mawr College, graduating in 1950[10] and majoring in Russian.[11] She was an advocate of the World Federalist Movement, belonging to the large chapter of the United World Federalists at the school.[9] She also played for the Bryn Mawr tennis team.[12]

She went on to earn a master's degree in Russian area studies at Radcliffe College (Harvard University) in 1953.[5][11] She also became fluent in the Russian language.[13]

Congressional aide and reporter

Following graduation, in 1953 Johnson secured a brief position with the office of Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts, where she worked on research regarding French Indochina.[2][13] The recently married Kennedy indicated some amorous interest in her, but no affair between them took place.[13][14] She saw Kennedy on a number of occasions over the next four years, including visiting him in the hospital following back surgeries.[2][13]

She worked as an editor and translator at the Current Digest of Soviet Press in New York from 1953 to 1956.[5] She also did translations of the Soviet briefings at the Geneva "Big Four" summit of 1955.[6]

Her first stint in the Soviet Union (USSR) took place over 3½ months in 1955–56, when she had a student-tourist visa to study Soviet law.[15] She spent time in Moscow, Leningrad, and Kiev.[16] She witnessed the Soviet courts in action and showed an adventurousness in interacting with Soviet society in ways that might not be expected of a single woman in the early Cold War area.[11] Her experiences and thoughts regarding Soviet politics, fashion, and ordinary life got press attention when they were written up by Leonard Lyons, author of the popular "The Lyons Den" syndicated column in American papers.[15] While in the USSR she often asked people about fashion, finding it a good approach topic for asking personal questions.[16] This also included a visit to Leningrad Fashion House, one of the centers of Soviet style.[17] Her observations on Soviet fashion and Soviet attitudes regarding Western fashion were profiled in The Boston Daily Globe.[16] While there she also acted as a translator at the Embassy of the United States, Moscow.[13]

Johnson transitioned to journalism, and from 1958 to 1960 she was stationed in Moscow, where she filed stories for the North American Newspaper Alliance.[2][5] These included topics such as the reaction in the Soviet literary magazine Novy Mir to the American Beat Generation writers.[18] An executive with the Alliance described her performance there: "Priscilla was the kind of correspondent the Russians were wary of in those days. She knew too much about Soviet history, law, and politics to be bamboozled by propaganda handouts from the [Soviet government]. And with her expert knowledge of the language she could fine-comb the Russian press for story leads."[6]

In November 1959, at the Hotel Metropol Moscow, she met and interviewed the 20-year-old Lee Harvey Oswald, who was in the process of defecting to the USSR.[5][19] She talked with him for five or six hours.[6][3] The story she wrote that appeared in North American papers began with Oswald saying, "For two years now I have been waiting to do this one thing. To dissolve my American citizenship and become a citizen of the Soviet Union."[20] The balance of the lengthy piece consisted of Johnson describing Oswald's past life and the difficulties of defecting, mixed in with quoting Oswald's Marxist-derived explanations of why he wanted to move to a different politico-economic system.[20]

Following the 1960 U-2 incident, Johnson was one of many Americans expelled by the Soviet Union as a sign of their unhappiness with the American overflights.[2] Johnson became a visiting scholar at Harvard University's Russian Research Center,[2] a position she held from 1961 through the next some years.[5] She was readmitted to the Soviet Union in 1962, this time working for The Reporter magazine, for which she wrote stories about intellectual life and Russian culture.[6] However the authorities seized her notebooks just before her return to the United States, claiming without having read them that they contained anti-Soviet propaganda.[6]

In 1965, she was a significant contributor to, and co-editor of, the academic volume Khrushchev and the Arts: The Politics of Soviet Culture, 1962–1964, which included some of the articles she had written while in the USSR.[6][7] A review noted how the book traced a brief opening up of the arts during the Khrushchev Thaw before the premier himself directed a reversion to formulaic socialist realism.[21]

On November 22, 1963, Johnson was first shocked by the news of Kennedy's death, and then a second time by the identification of his killer, exclaiming to a friend: "My God, I know that boy!"[2][13] Because of her interview with Oswald, she was called to testify before the Warren Commission that investigated the assassination.[13]

Author and scholar

In July 1964, she moved to the Dallas area and befriended Oswald's widow, Marina Nikolayevna Prusakova Oswald.[14][19] They spent several months together, with Johnson helping care for Marina's young children.[14] Johnson signed a contract with Harper & Row for a book to be published about the Oswalds, with two-thirds of the advance going to Marina.[14] The book project was disclosed in November 1964, with an expected publication date during 1965.[22] Her work on the book ended up taking over a decade and consumed much of her life.[2]

She took the name Priscilla Johnson McMillan when she married George McMillan, a freelance writer who covered the civil rights movement in the American South,[5] in 1966.[7] The marriage later ended in divorce in 1980.[11]

In 1967, McMillan translated the memoirs of Svetlana Alliluyeva, Stalin's daughter, who had gained much attention that year by defecting to the United States.[13] There was considerable competition among translators and publishers for the assignment, but a recommendation from former U.S. Ambassador and foreign policy legend George F. Kennan helped her get it.[6] She had first encountered the daughter twelve years earlier, during her first visit to the Soviet Union, when under the name Stalina the daughter had taught a class at Moscow State University.[15] Now the daughter spent her first weeks in America staying at McMillan's father's estate in Locust Valley.[23]

Marina and Lee: The Tormented Love and Fatal Obsession Behind Lee Harvey Oswald's Assassination of John F. Kennedy, was ultimately published by Harper & Row in 1977.[14] It received many positive reviews upon release.[14] The New York Times Book Review wrote of "what a miraculous book Priscilla Johnson McMillan has written, miraculous because McMillan had the wit, courage and perseverance to go back to the heart of the story, and the art to give it life."[24] Some reviewers considered it the best work on the assassination, or superior to the Warren Commission Report, or akin to a Dostoevsky novel.[2] But it contained no conspiracy theories, only a very in-depth portrait of an unsuccessful, troubled, sometimes violent and ultimately small man, and sales of the book were modest.[14]

Following publication, McMillan continued to work as a freelance writer, often reviewing books.[1] Her topics included post-Soviet Russia,[25] and she wrote an obituary of physicist Edward Teller in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists that emphasized the contradictions in Teller's life.[26] For a while she was an adjunct fellow at the Center for Science and International Affairs at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard.[27]

During the 1980s, members of a memorial committee dedicated to preserving the legacy of physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer approached McMillan and asked her to write a new account of the much-discussed Oppenheimer security hearing of 1954.[7] She was granted greater-than-usual access to Los Alamos National Laboratory as part of her research.[13] Her work was eventually published in 2005 as The Ruin of J. Robert Oppenheimer and the Birth of the Modern Arms Race.[28] In it she emphasized the role that Atomic Energy Commission member Lewis Strauss had played in the campaign against Oppenheimer,[29] even ascribing to Strauss the famous "blank wall" that President Dwight D. Eisenhower ordered be placed between Oppenheimer and any defense-related activities.[30] She also delved into the character of other players in the Oppenheimer saga,[28] including exploring differences of opinion among commissioners during the period in question.[30]

Her book was published right after Kai Bird's and Martin Sherwin's Pulitzer Prize-winning biography American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer,[28] but nonetheless McMillan's book attracted some favorable attention, such as from the New York Times Book Review.[29] Foreign Affairs magazine said McMillan's work was "shorter and sharper" than the Bird–Sherwin one and "focuses more on the policy issues at the heart of the drama".[28] More than other biographies of Oppenheimer, hers attempted to draw parallels and significance to contemporary issues, especially regarding scientific-government relations.[28][29]

Marina and Lee was republished in 2013, in conjunction with the fiftieth anniversary of Kennedy's death.[14] Upon release, Publishers Weekly called it a "classic of the JFK assassination literature" and said that "McMillan's richly detailed, bleak, heartbreaking profile proves [Oswald]'s unfitness for any conspiracy outside his own head—and builds a compelling case for him as the demon-driven author of the Kennedy tragedy."[31] McMillan participated in a number of media engagements,[11] reflecting upon her time with Kennedy and the Oswalds.[1][2][14] By 2013, she was 85 years old, but was described by one media outlet as "elegant and spry".[3] Over the intervening decades, she remained confident that Oswald had assassinated the president and had acted alone, saying "I'm just as sure now as I was then that he did it, and also that he couldn't have done it with anybody else. He wasn't somebody who, in his life, had ever done anything with anybody else."[11]

McMillan is on the national advisory board of the Council for a Livable World.[32] She is a long-time resident of Cambridge, Massachusetts.[9]

Works
  • Khrushchev and the Arts: The Politics of Soviet Culture, 1962–1964 (MIT Press, 1965) [author, co-editor with Leopold Labedz]
  • Twenty Letters to a Friend, by Svetlana Alliluyeva (Hutchison, 1967) [translator]
  • Marina and Lee: The Tormented Love and Fatal Obsession Behind Lee Harvey Oswald's Assassination of John F. Kennedy (Harper & Row, 1977) (republished Steerforth Press, 2013)
  • The Ruin of J. Robert Oppenheimer and the Birth of the Modern Arms Race (Viking, 2005)

Notes
  1. Some sources describe Priscilla Johnson as the only person who knew both Kennedy and Oswald.[1][2] However, two other people are known to have crossed paths with both of them: Joan Hallet, who was a receptionist at the U.S. Embassy in Moscow when Oswald went there, and her husband Oliver Hallet, who also served at the embassy.[3] The Hallets subsequently moved to Washington where he was a junior naval officer in the White House, and as such both got to meet President Kennedy.[4] Like Priscilla Johnson, Joan Hallet is said to have recognized Oswald when news of his role in the assassination became known.[3]

References
  1. Pazzanese, Christina; Ireland, Corydon; Walsh, Colleen; Powell, Alvin (November 21, 2013). "The day the president died". The Harvard Gazette.
  2. Meroney, John (November 21, 2013). "The Only Person Who Knew Both Kennedy and His Killer". The Atlantic.
  3. Shawn, Eric (November 21, 2013). "The woman who knew both Lee Harvey Oswald and JFK". Fox News Channel. Updated November 23, 2015.
  4. Lord, Debbie M. (November 22, 2013). "Thirteen things you may not have known about JFK, the assassination and the events surrounding it". The Birmingham News. Updated March 7, 2019.
  5. "McMillan, Priscilla Johnson, 1928-". Library of Congress. Retrieved July 2, 2020. Washington Post and Who's Who of American Women sources listed within used, not the other sources.
  6. Dudar, Helen (May 21, 1967). "Svetlana's Translator Is Seasoned Student, Reporter of Russian Affairs". The Arizona Republic. Women's News Service. p. M-9 – via Newspapers.com.
  7. "The Author". 'Ruin' book site. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
  8. "Janet Alpers Wins L.I. Tournament". The Courier-News. Plainfield, New Jersey. June 30, 1945. p. 7 – via Newspapers.com.
  9. Saltzman, Amy (November 22, 2013). "Cambridge author recalls friendship with Kennedy, night with Oswald". Cambridge Chronicle. Updated April 6, 2014.
  10. "Priscilla Johnson McMillan '50 Interviewed by Frontline". Bryn Mawr College. January 16, 2014.
  11. Smith, Nicola (November 22, 2013). "Writer Worked for a Future President, And Interviewed a Future Assassin". Valley News. Lebanon, New Hampshire.
  12. McCarron, Rosemary (May 7, 1949). "Miss Austin, Favorites Win In District College Tennis". The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. 19 – via Newspapers.com.
  13. Ford, Beverly (October 19, 2013). "Priscilla Johnson McMillan: the woman who knew JFK and Lee Harvey Oswald". News.com.au. News Corp Australia.
  14. "Author: 'I Wanted To Explain To Kennedy Why He Died'". Boston, Massachusetts: WBUR. November 7, 2013. Includes foreword material by Joseph Finder.
  15. Lyons, Leonard (July 19, 1956). "The Lyons Den". The Montgomery Advertiser. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.
  16. Danforth, Joan (August 8, 1956). "Russian Women Flock to Style Shows". The Boston Daily Globe. p. 17 – via Newspapers.com.
  17. Lyons, Leonard (January 5, 1956). "Broadway Medley: Six Lessons From Mme. Kaminskaya". San Mateo Times. p. 24 – via Newspapers.com.
  18. Johnson, Priscilla (March 18, 1959). "Soviet Journal Explains Why Beatniks Are 'Beat'". The Selma Times-Journal. North American Newspaper Alliance. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.
  19. Rockwood, Bill (November 19, 2013). "Interview: Priscilla Johnson McMillan". Frontline. PBS.
  20. Johnson, Priscilla (December 3, 1959). "U.S. Youth Seeks Soviet Citizenship". Calgary Herald. North American Newspaper Alliance. p. 43 – via Newspapers.com. Note that many newspapers running this story did not show her byline, for instance "Hopes He's Near Soviet Citizenship". Des Moines Tribune. November 26, 1959. p. 14 – via Newspapers.com.
  21. Adams, William Howard (July 11, 1965). "The Rugged Individualist Is Often a Man of the Arts". The Kansas City Star. p. 11D – via Newspapers.com.
  22. "Book on Marina". The Baltimore Sun. November 8, 1964. p. D-7 – via Newspapers.com.
  23. Salisbury, Harrison E. (September 18, 1967). "Author Keeps In Seclusion". The Miami News. The New York Times News Service. p. 10-A – via Newspapers.com.
  24. Powers, Thomas (October 30, 1977). "The Heart of the Story" (PDF). The New York Times Book Review. pp. 10, 46.
  25. McMillan, Priscilla Johnson (November 1991). "Russia looks east". International Business. p. 71 – via Gale General OneFile.
  26. McMillan, Priscilla Johnson (2003). "Edward Teller". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 59 (6): 10ff – via Gale Academic OneFile.
  27. The Ruin of J. Robert Oppeheimer, back book flap.
  28. Freedman, Lawrence D. (September–October 2005). "Capsule Review". Foreign Affairs.
  29. Eakin, Hugh (August 7, 2005). "Nonfiction Chronicle". The New York Times Book Review. p. 12.
  30. Young, Ken; Schilling, Warner R. (2019). Super Bomb: Organizational Conflict and the Development of the Hydrogen Bomb. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. pp. 186n104, 187n2.
  31. "Marina and Lee: The Tormented Love and Fatal Obsession Behind Lee Harvey Oswald's Assassination of John F. Kennedy". Publishers Weekly. July 8, 2013. p. 77 – via Gale Academic OneFile.
  32. "Board". Council for a Livable World. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
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