Proton spin crisis

The proton spin crisis (sometimes called the "proton spin puzzle") is a theoretical crisis precipitated by an experiment in 1987[1] which tried to determine the spin configuration of the proton. The experiment was carried out by the European Muon Collaboration (EMC).[2]

Unsolved problem in physics:
How do the quarks and gluons carry the spin of protons?
(more unsolved problems in physics)

Physicists expected that the quarks carry all the proton spin. However, not only was the total proton spin carried by quarks far smaller than 100%, these results were consistent with almost zero (4–24%[3]) proton spin being carried by quarks. This surprising and puzzling result was termed the "proton spin crisis".[4] The problem is considered one of the important unsolved problems in physics.[5]

Background

A key question is how the nucleon's spin is distributed amongst its constituent partons (quarks and gluons). Components of proton's spin are expectation values of individual sources of angular momentum. These values depend on the renormalization scale, because their operators are not separately conserved.[6] Physicists originally expected that quarks carry all of the nucleon spin.

A proton is built from three valence quarks (two up quarks and one down quark), virtual gluons, and virtual (or sea) quarks and antiquarks (virtual particles do not influence the proton's quantum numbers). The ruling hypothesis was that since the proton is stable, then it exists in the lowest possible energy level. Therefore, it was expected that the quark's wave function is the spherically symmetric s-wave with no spatial contribution to angular momentum. The proton is, like each of its quarks, a spin 1/2 particle. Therefore, it was hypothesized that two of the quarks have their spins parallel to the proton's and the spin of the third quark is opposite.

The experiment

In this EMC experiment, a quark of a polarized proton target was hit by a polarized muon beam, and the quark's instantaneous spin was measured. In a polarized proton target, all the protons' spin take the same direction, and therefore it was expected that the spin of two out of the three quarks cancels out and the spin of the third quark is polarized in the direction of the proton's spin. Thus, the sum of the quarks' spin was expected to be equal to the proton's spin.

Instead, the experiment found that the number of quarks with spin in the proton's spin direction was almost the same as the number of quarks whose spin was in the opposite direction. This is the proton spin crisis. Similar results have been obtained in later experiments.[7]

Recent work

A 2008 work shows that more than half of the spin of the proton comes from the spin of its quarks, and that the missing spin is produced by the quarks' orbital angular momentum.[8] This work uses relativistic effects together with other quantum chromodynamic properties and explains how they boil down to an overall spatial angular momentum that is consistent with the experimental data. A 2013 work shows how to calculate the gluon helicity contribution using lattice QCD.[9] Recent Monte Carlo calculation shows that 50% of the proton spin come from gluon polarization.[10] 2016 results from the RHIC indicate that gluons may carry even more of protons' spin than quarks do.[11]

References
  1. Ashman, J.; Badelek, B.; Baum, G.; Beaufays, J.; Bee, C.P.; Benchouk, C.; et al. (1988). "A measurement of the spin asymmetry and determination of the structure function g1 in deep inelastic muon-proton scattering". Physics Letters B. Elsevier BV. 206 (2): 364–370. Bibcode:1988PhLB..206..364A. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(88)91523-7. ISSN 0370-2693.
  2. Ashman, J.; EMC Collaboration (1988). "A measurement of the spin asymmetry and determination of the structure function g1 in deep inelastic muon-proton scattering" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 206 (2): 364. Bibcode:1988PhLB..206..364A. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(88)91523-7.
  3. "Are scientists finally on the brink of understanding where proton spin comes from?".
  4. Londergan, J. T. (2009). "Nucleon Resonances and Quark Structure". International Journal of Modern Physics E. 18 (5–6): 1135–1165. arXiv:0907.3431. Bibcode:2009IJMPE..18.1135L. doi:10.1142/S0218301309013415. S2CID 118475917.
  5. Hansson, Johan (July 2010). "The "Proton Spin Crisis" — a Quantum Query" (PDF). Progress in Physics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-04.
  6. Ji, Xiangdong; Yuan, Feng; Zhao, Yong (2020-09-02). "Proton spin after 30 years: what we know and what we don't?". arXiv:2009.01291 [hep-ph].
  7. Jaffe, R. (1995). "Where does the proton really get its spin?" (PDF). Physics Today. 48 (9): 24–30. Bibcode:1995PhT....48i..24J. doi:10.1063/1.881473. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-16. Retrieved 2013-02-11.
  8. Thomas, A. (2008). "Interplay of Spin and Orbital Angular Momentum in the Proton". Physical Review Letters. 101 (10): 102003. arXiv:0803.2775. Bibcode:2008PhRvL.101j2003T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.102003. PMID 18851208. S2CID 18761490.
  9. Ji, Xiangdong; Zhang, Jian-Hui; Zhao, Yong (2013-09-10). "Physics of the Gluon-Helicity Contribution to Proton Spin". Physical Review Letters. 111 (11): 112002. arXiv:1304.6708. Bibcode:2013PhRvL.111k2002J. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.112002. PMID 24074075. S2CID 38560063.
  10. Bass, Steven D. (2017-03-06). "Viewpoint: Spinning Gluons in the Proton". Physics. 10. doi:10.1103/Physics.10.23.
  11. Walsh, Karen Mcnulty (2016-02-16). "Physicists zoom in on gluons' contribution to proton spin". Phys.org.
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