Przytyk pogrom
The Przytyk pogrom or Przytyk riots[1] occurred between Polish and Jewish community in Przytyk,[2] Radom County, Kielce Voivodeship, Second Polish Republic, on March 9, 1936.[3] Previously, on January 28, authorities had suspended the holding of the weekly market for four weeks because of the fear of violence from the violent anti-Semitic Endek (sic) (Endecja) party.[4] The disorder began as a small dispute between a Jewish baker and Polish farmer vending his wares.[5][6] Disturbances took on such a severe dimension as a result of the use of firearms by Jews.[7] According to historian Emanuel Melzer it was the most notorious incident of antisemitic violence in Poland in the interwar period, and attracted worldwide attention, being one of a series of pogroms that occurred in Poland during the years immediately before the outbreak of World War II.[8] The term pogrom is contested by some sources, asserting that word "riot" might be more suitable as the violence was unplanned and some Polish historians indicate Jewish side might have started disturbance.[9]
Background
In the interwar period Przytyk was an urban settlement with 2302 inhabitants in 1930, of whom 1852 were Jewish (80 percent of the total population).[2] The economy was almost entirely dominated by the Jewish craftsmen, tradesmen and farmers. The Jews owned and operated bakeries, slaughter houses, tailoring shops, breweries, tobacco manufacturing plants, and groceries. Central markets were organized once a week, always on Mondays, drawing in crowds from nearby towns and villages. There was a power station in Przytyk, owned by Lejb Rozencwajg and two transportation companies, one owned by Pinkus Kornafel, and a second one owned by Moszek Rubinsztajn. There was also a Jewish-run credit union in the city.[2] The competition for market share between Jews and a much smaller community of gentile Poles was intense.[2] In 1935 local Poles created 50 small companies allowing Polish farmers to bypass Jewish merchants, undercutting trade by Jewish locals.[10]
Jewish cemetery in Przytyk
David Vital, a historian of Tel Aviv University, writes that local peasants were stirred with antisemitic propaganda of Endecja (National Democracy) politicians.[11] A boycott of Jewish shops was organized, and escalated into a wave of violent attacks on Jewish shops, which resulted in the creation of a Jewish self-defense group. Piotr Gontarczyk, however, argues that the target of the Polish Endecja campaign was to improve the standard of living of Poles, and to support Polish businesses. An economic conflict between Poles and Jews began, in which both sides used all means possible, including violence.[12] At the same time, the Second Polish Republic remained in an economic slump, and Polish peasants, whose profits had been drastically reduced, began to look for other means of supporting themselves. In mid-1935, Polish right-wing political activists in Radom County declared a general boycott of Jewish stores. Local Endecja sometimes resorted to violence, with activists urging Poles to stop buying at Jewish stores.[13] In response Jewish merchants begun flooding market with their goods, pushing prices down so that newcomers couldn't compete with them.[9]
In December 1935, a group of app. 20 young Jews created their own armed and illegal self-defense unit, headed by former officer of the Polish Army, Icek Frydman. Frydman organized military training for its members. The group was armed with illegally purchased guns, iron bars, and batons. Their task was to mobilize Jewish community in case of a violent conflict.[14]
In the interbellum period, an annual kazimierzowski fair took place at Przytyk. In 1936, some 2,000 peasants came to it, and since Polish Police officers were aware of the possible conflict, local department, which consisted of 5 officers, was strengthened by additional 11 officers, which later turned out to be an inadequate number. Furthermore, the police at Radom were on the alert, ready to intervene. Jewish merchants of Przytyk, a town with a 90% Jewish majority, hoped that the early spring fair would help to improve their financial situation, but the situation in the town was tense, which was described in an official report of the voivode of Kielce: "We have to emphasize the fact that the idea of an economic boycott of Jews, put forward by the National Democracy, was embraced by the local peasantry, which feels hatred towards the Jews (...) The boycott itself leads [Jewish] merchants to despair, because economic basis of their existence is threatened".[15]
The riot
Two days before the events some of the Jewish inhabitants assembled in the town square in anticipation of the attack by the farmers, but nothing befell on that day.[3] Two days later, however, on a market day, according to historians Martin Gilbert and David Vital, the farmers attacked the Jews; the fight ended with two Jewish and one Polish casualty.[3][11]
Polish historian Piotr Gontarczyk writes in his book "Pogrom? Zajścia polsko-żydowskie w Przytyku 9 marca 1936 r. Mity, fakty, dokumenty" that first incident took place early in the morning of March 9, when Jewish merchants destroyed a stall which belonged to a Polish hat-maker. Police intervened, but on the same day, at 15:00, a member of Endecja, Józef Strzałkowski, appeared in front of a stall of a Jewish baker, urging Polish peasants not to buy any products from Jewish merchants. The baker kicked Strzałkowski's crutch, and in return, the Pole hit him in the arm. The baker reported the incident to the police that resulted in Strzalkowski's arrest. The consequence generated outrage amongst the Polish farmers, who encircled the police station, demanding the release of Strzałkowski. Subsequent 20 minutes, the peasants and Jewish youth, which also began gathering in the town square, were dispersed by the police.[16] According to report by Ksawery Pruszynski the cause of the riots was a fight over a stall, Pruszynski noted that one likely cause for these events was extreme poverty of both local sides of the conflict.[17]
Polish peasants, aware of their numerical superiority, began gathering on the other side of the Radomka river. Near the bridge, another riot began, when Jewish stalls were turned over. A group of Jews arrived and armed with revolvers and clubs started attacking random bystanders[18] Both sides threw rocks at each other, and the police had to divide their forces into two groups. One was busy dispersing the peasants, while another one was trying to restrain the Jews, who kept on throwing rocks. When the police seemed to have settled the situation, a Jewish member of the Mizrachi movement, Szulim Chil Leska, began shooting at Poles from the window of a house. Leska killed a peasant named Stanisław Wieśniak.Two other Poles were shot as well[18] This infuriated the Polish crowd of some 1,000, which the police were unable to control.[19]
Altogether, the riot lasted for some 45 minutes. A crowd of peasants, enraged by the killing of one of their own, beat up several Jews, smashing several stores and stalls, including a store which belonged to Fajga Szuchowa. Among others, the house of a woman named Sura Borensztajn, where a number of Jews hid, was attacked. A Jewish couple of Chaja and Josek Minkowski were killed during the riot, while their children were beaten up. Josek, who was a shoemaker, was probably killed by an axe in the hall of his house. His wife was severely beaten and died in hospital in Radom. Furthermore, 24 Jews were injured.[20] A secret report, written after the riot by regional authorities from Kielce to the Polish Ministry of Internal Affairs, claims as follows: "The incident turned out into such a serious riot only after the Jews used guns, killing Wieśniak, which caused further bloody events".[21]
Aftermath
Officially, three people were killed and more than 20 injured, but the number of the injured Polish peasants was probably larger, as many of them decided not to go to hospital. An investigation was immediately started, with arrests of Szulim Chil Leska, his father and one peasant. At first, the police did not believe the peasants, who presented their version of the riot, and 22 Poles were soon arrested. On March 16 however, with the investigation still going on, three members of Jewish self-defence group were incarcerated: Icek Banda, Luzer Kirszencwajg and Chaim Świeczka.
Four days earlier, on March 12, Senator Moses Schorr publicly mentioned the riot, accusing local government and police of supporting the peasants. As Piotr Gontarczyk claims, Schorr's words, in which he talked about three brutally killed Jewish victims, without mentioning that one of the victims was Polish, resulted in complete distortion of the description of the events, as his words were immediately repeated worldwide, resulting in a wave of anti-Polish feelings among Jewish diaspora. Furthermore, Kraków daily "Nowy Dziennik" published an article of Sejm deputy Ozjasz Thon, in which he for the first time used the word pogrom, writing about "two human victims" at Przytyk. Gontarczyk claims in his book that among Jewish newspapers in Palestine, only Davar stated that Jews were responsible for the riots, as it was a Jew who first killed a peasant.[22]
The trial following the events started on June 2 and involved 43 Polish and 14 Jewish defendants, the latter charged with aggressive behavior towards Polish peasants. The verdict was pronounced on June 26, with eleven of the Jews sentenced to prison terms of from 6 months to 8 years (the person sentenced for 8 years was Szulim Chil Leska, the killer of Stanisław Wieśniak. Later, Leska's sentence was reduced to 7 years), while 39 Poles received sentences from 6 months to 1 year. The accused Jews claimed they were acting in self-defense, but the court rejected those arguments. The verdict outraged the Jewish community in Poland, leading to a number of nationwide strikes.[8]
News of this pogrom horrified the Polish Jewish population, as well as Jews around the world, and contributed to significant emigration from Poland of Jews.[3] A one-day nationwide strike, supported by left-wing parties Bund and PPS was organized, and in other parts of the country, street fights took place. In June 1936 in Mińsk Mazowiecki, after Jan Bujak, a Wachtmeister of the local 7th Uhlan Regiment was shot by a Jewish resident Judka Lejb Chaskielewicz, riots erupted in which several Jewish stores were smashed.[23] The situation in Przytyk itself remained tense. Local Jews were supported by their American diaspora, which sent money and food to Przytyk. According to Piotr Gontarczyk, collection of money for Jewish residents of the town resulted in a growing negative propaganda aimed at Poles. As Gontarczyk wrote, volunteers, while collecting funds, presented the picture of Poland as a "wild country of pogroms", hoping to collect as much money as possible. The tendentious information about the situation of Jews in Poland created false stereotypes of antisemitic Poles.[24]
The poem/song S'brent was written by Mordechai Gebirtig in 1938 about this pogrom.[25]
References
- Green, David B. (2016-03-09). "1936: Pogrom Erupts in Przytyk, for Which Jews Would Be Blamed". Haaretz. Retrieved 2018-05-19.
- Virtual Shtetl (2017). "Historia społeczności żydowskiej" (in Polish). POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews.
- Gilbert, Martin (1986). The Holocaust: A History of the Jews of Europe During the Second World War. Henry Holt and Company. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-03-062416-2.
- ”Two Jews Killed In Poland Rioting" Jewish Telegraphic Agency report March 9, 1936, in The New York Times, March 10, 1936.
- Problematyka żydowska na łamach prasy akademickiej w okresie międzywojennym Agnieszka Graboń Małopolskie Centrum Doskonalenia Nauczycieli w Krakowie, 2008 page 119
- Między dwoma światami: Żydzi w polskiej kulturze ludowej Ewa Banasiewicz-Ossowska Polskie Tow. Ludoznawcze, 2007, page 33
- Gontarczyk, Piotr (2000). Pogrom?: zajścia polsko-żydowskie w Przytyku 9 marca 1936 r. : mity, fakty, dokumenty (in Polish). Oficyna Wydawnicza Rekonkwista. pp. 70, 193. ISBN 9788386379620.
- Emanuel Melzer, No Way Out: The Politics of Polish Jewry 1935-1939. Monographs of the Hebrew Union College 19. Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press, 1997.
- This Day in Jewish History 1936: Pogrom Erupts in Przytyk, for Which Jews Would Be Blamed Haaretz March 2016
- David Vital, A people apart: the Jews in Europe, 1789-1939, Oxford University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-19-820805-7, Google Print, p.784
- Piotr Gontarczyk: Pogrom? Zajścia polsko-żydowskie w Przytyku 9 marca 1936 r. Mity, fakty, dokumenty. Pruszków: Rachocki i S-ka, 2000. ISBN 83-909046-4-0, pages 28 - 36
- Piotr Osęka. Z żyletkami na sztorc. "Polityka" weekly, 13 (2800), 2011.03.26
- Piotr Gontarczyk: Pogrom? Zajścia polsko-żydowskie w Przytyku 9 marca 1936 r. Mity, fakty, dokumenty. Pruszków: Rachocki i S-ka, 2000. ISBN 83-909046-4-0, page 58
- Piotr Osęka. Z żyletkami na sztorc. Polityka weekly, 16 May 2011
- Tadeusz Piotrowski: Poland's holocaust: ethnic strife, collaboration with occupying forces and genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947. Londyn: McFarland & Company, 1998. ISBN 07-86-40371-3, pages 42-43
- http://retropress.pl/wiadomosci-literackie/przytyk-stragan/
- Przytyk Pogrom, The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
- Piotr Gontarczyk: Pogrom? Zajścia polsko-żydowskie w Przytyku 9 marca 1936 r. Mity, fakty, dokumenty. Pruszków: Rachocki i S-ka, 2000. ISBN 83-909046-4-0, pages 65 - 68
- Tadeusz Piotrowski: Poland's holocaust: ethnic strife, collaboration with occupying forces and genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947. Londyn: McFarland & Company, 1998. ISBN 07-86-40371-3, page 43
- Piotr Gontarczyk: Pogrom? Zajścia polsko-żydowskie w Przytyku 9 marca 1936 r. Mity, fakty, dokumenty. Pruszków: Rachocki i S-ka, 2000. ISBN 83-909046-4-0, pages 69 - 83
- History of Jews in Mińsk Mazowiecki (in Polish)
- Piotr Gontarczyk: Pogrom? Zajścia polsko-żydowskie w Przytyku 9 marca 1936 r. Mity, fakty, dokumenty. Pruszków: Rachocki i S-ka, 2000. ISBN 83-909046-4-0, pages 78 - 83
- "Our Town Is Burning (Undzer shtetl brent)". Music of the Holocaust. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. n.d. Archived from the original on 27 July 2009. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
Further reading
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