RONJA

RONJA (Reasonable Optical Near Joint Access) is a free-space optical communication system originating in the Czech Republic, developed by Karel Kulhavý of Twibright Labs and released in 2001. It transmits data wirelessly using beams of light. Ronja can be used to create a 10 Mbit/s full duplex Ethernet point-to-point link. It has been estimated that 1000 to 2000 links have been built worldwide [4]

Single high-brightness LED with a cheap loupe lens creates a bright narrow[1] beam that can stream DVD-quality video over neighbourhoods. A few steps aside and the narrow beam becomes invisible.
Twibright Ronja with 130 mm (5 in) diameter lenses, operating on a 1205 m (0.75 mi) link using visible red light, max. range 1300 m (0.81 mi), with HPWT-BD00-E4000 transmit LED. Installed on a rooftop, with its user, in Czech Republic.[2][3]
Three bolts preloaded with pink rubber blocks facilitate fine adjustment of the optical head direction with a gear ratio 1:300.[1] The bolt on the right side is a part of a rough adjustment mechanism which allows pointing the optical head in virtually any direction.
Artificially enhanced picture of a situation where a Ronja link stops working because of heavy fog

The range of the basic configuration is 1.4 km (0.87 mi). The device consists of a receiver and transmitter pipe (optical head) mounted on a sturdy adjustable holder. Two coaxial cables are used to connect the rooftop installation with a protocol translator installed in the house near a computer or switch. The range can be extended to 1.9 km (1.2 mi) by doubling or tripling the transmitter pipe.

Building instructions, blueprints, and schematics are published under the GNU Free Documentation Licence. Only free software tools are used in the development. The author calls this level of freedom "User Controlled Technology".[5] Ronja is a project of Twibright Labs.

Manufacture

The building instructions are written with an inexperienced builder in mind. Basic operations like drilling, soldering etc., are explained.[6] Several techniques – drilling templates,[7] detailed checks after soldering,[8][9][10][11] testing procedures[12][13][14] – are employed to minimize errors at critical places and help to speed up work. Printed circuit boards are downloadable ready for manufacture, with instructions for the fabhouse.[15][16] People with no previous experience with building electronics have reported on the mailing list that the device ran on the first try.

154 installations worldwide have been registered into a gallery with technical data and pictures.[2]

Range

With the brightest variant of Lumileds HPWT-BD00-F4000 LED and 130 mm diameter cheap Chinese magnifying glass lenses, the range is 1.4 km.[5][17] The less bright, but easier to buy E4000 variant of HPWT-BD00 yields 1.3 km.[18] The speed is always 10 Mbit/s full duplex regardless of the distance.

Models
  • Ronja Tetrapolis: Range of 1.4 km (0.87 mi), red visible light. Connect with 8P8C connector into a network card or switch.
  • Ronja 10M Metropolis: Range of 1.4 km (0.87 mi), red visible light. Connects to Attachment Unit Interface.
  • Ronja Inferno: Range of 1.25 km (0.78 mi), invisible infrared light.
  • Ronja Benchpress: A measurement device for developers for physical measurement of lens/LED combination gain and calculation of range from that
  • Ronja Lopipe: The original (discontinued) design using red visible light and a RS232 interface for a max 115 kbit/s PPP/SLIP link.[19]

Limitations

By definition, clear visibility between the transmitter and receiver is essential. If the beam is obscured in any way, the link will stop working. Typically, problems may occur during conditions of snow or dense fog.[20][21] One device weighs 15.5 kg[1] and requires 70 hours of building time.[22] It requires an ability to set full duplex manually on the network card or switch to take advantage of full duplex,[23] since it doesn't support autonegotiation.[1] Must be plugged directly into PC or switch using the integral 1 m Ethernet cable.[1]

Technology
Block diagram of a full duplex RONJA system.

A complete RONJA system is made up of 2 transceivers: 2 optical transmitters and 2 optical receivers. They are assembled individually or as a combination. The complete system layout is shown in the block diagram.

Optical receiver – Preamplifier stage
Map showing the distribution of the 153 registered installations of RONJA as of 1 October 2007. Based on data found at the official RONJA website

The usual approach in FSO (Free Space Optics) preamplifiers is to employ a transimpedance amplifier. A transimpedance amplifier is a very sensitive broadband high-speed device featuring a feedback loop. This fact means the layout is plagued with stability problems and special compensation of PIN diode capacitance must be performed, therefore this doesn't allow selection of a wide range of cheap PIN photodiodes with varying capacitances.

Ronja however uses a feedbackless design[8] where the PIN has a high working electrical resistance (100 kilohms)[8] which together with the total input capacitance (roughly 8 pF, 5 pF PIN and 3 pF[24] input MOSFET cascode) makes the device operate with a passband on a 6 dB/oct slope of low pass formed by PIN working resistance and total input capacitance.[25][26] The signal is then immediately amplified to remove the danger of contamination by signal noise, and then a compensation of the 6 dB/oct slope is done by derivator element on the programming pins[27] of an NE592 video amplifier.[28][26] A surprisingly flat characteristic is obtained. If the PIN diode is equipped with 3 kΩ working resistor to operate in flat band mode, the range is reduced to about 30% due to thermal noise from the 3 kΩ resistor.

Optical transmitter – Nebulus infrared LED driver

The HSDL4220 infrared LED is originally unsuitable for 10 Mbit/s operation. It has a bandwidth of 9 MHz,[29] where 10 Mbit/s Manchester-modulated systems need bandwidth of around 16 MHz. Operation in a usual circuit with current drive would lead to substantial signal corruption and range reduction. Therefore, Twibright Labs developed a special driving technique consisting of driving the LED directly with 15-fold 74AC04 gate output in parallel with RF voltage applied current-unlimited directly to the LED through large capacitors.[30] As the voltage to keep the nominal LED average current (100mA) varies with temperature and component tolerances, an AC-bypassed current sense resistor is put in series with the LED. A feedback loop measures voltage on this resistor and keeps it at a preset level by varying supply voltage of the 74AC04 gates. Therefore, the nominally digital[31] 74AC04 is operating as a structured power CMOS switch completely in analog mode.

This way the LED junction is flooded and cleared of carriers as quickly as possible, basically by short circuit discharge. This pushes the speed of the LED to maximum, which makes the output optical signal fast enough so that the range/power ratio is the same as with the faster red HPWT-BD00-F4000 LED. The side effects of this brutal driving technique are: 1) the LED overshoots at the beginning of longer (5 MHz/1 MHz) impulses to about 2x brightness. This was measured to have no adverse effect on range. 2) A blocking ceramic capacitor bank backing up the 74AC04 switching array is crucial for correct operation, because charging and discharging the LED is done by short circuit. Under dimensioning this bank causes the leading and trailing edges of the optical output to grow longer.

Transceiver – Ronja Twister

Ronja Twister is an electronic interface for free space optical datalink based on counter and shift register chips. It is a part of the Ronja design. It is effectively an optical Ethernet transceiver without the optical drive part.[32]

The original design has been superseded with Twister2 but the logic circuit remained the same.[33]

Use in education

One doctoral dissertation,[34] 10 master's and bachelor's theses, [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] three high school graduation exams [45] [46] [47] and one high school vocational activity [48] are based largely or completely on Ronja. Some of them present substantial changes, like underwater[44] or FPGA.[49][38] Further four doctoral dissertations, [50] [51] [52] [53] 18 master's and bachelor's theses, [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] [63] [64] [65] [66] [67] [68] [69] [70] [71] and one university semester project[69] cite Ronja.[72] Czech Technical University has built a 120 m educational link between the buildings of two faculties for teaching the students practically about FSO.[73][74] One Czech private university dedicates over a page of their textbook to Ronja.[17]

An additional 12 journal, conference and university articles are based largely on Ronja. [75] [76] [37] [77] [78] [79] [80] [81] [82] [83] [84] [85]

Open source hardware approach

Soderberg, studying Ronja sociologically, writes: "Arguably, the first project that vindicated the methods and licensing schemes of free software development, applied those practices to open hardware development, and pulled off a state-of-the-art technology without any backing from universities or firms, was the Ronja project."[86]

The whole toolchain is built strictly upon free tools[87] and the source files are provided, free, under the GPL.[88] This allows anyone to enter the development, start manufacture or invest into the technology without entry costs. Such costs normally can include software licence costs, time investment into resolution of compatibility issues between proprietary applications, or costs of intellectual property licence negotiations. The decision to conceive the project this way was inspired by observed organizational efficiency of Free Software.

On Christmas 2001, Ronja became the world's first 10 Mbit/s Free Space Optics device with free sources.[89]

Examples of tools used in development:

See also

Notes
  1. "Ronja Tetrapolis Specification". ronja.twibright.com. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  2. "154 Registered Installations of Ronja". ronja.twibright.com. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  3. "[1208] ronja/installations/czech/zdar_n_sazavou". images.twibright.com. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  4. Soderberg, J. (2010). "Free Space Optics in the Czech Wireless Community: Shedding Some Light on the Role of Normativity for User-Initiated Innovations". Science, Technology & Human Values. 36 (4): 423–450. doi:10.1177/0162243910368398.
  5. "Ronja – BRL-CAD". brlcad.org. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  6. "Fundamentals of manufacturing operations". ronja.twibright.com. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  7. "All Ronja Drawings". ronja.twibright.com. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  8. "Building Ronja 10M Receiver". ronja.twibright.com. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  9. "Building Ronja 10M Metropolis Transmitter". ronja.twibright.com. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  10. "Building Ronja Twister2 PCB". ronja.twibright.com. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  11. "Building Ronja Nebulus". ronja.twibright.com. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  12. "Testing Ronja Tetrapolis". ronja.twibright.com. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  13. "Testing Ronja 10M Metropolis". ronja.twibright.com. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  14. "Testing Ronja Inferno". ronja.twibright.com. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  15. "Twister2 PCB". ronja.twibright.com. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  16. "Ronja: Ordering TX PCB's". ronja.twibright.com. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  17. "Evropský polytechnický institut, s.r.o. 1. soukromá vysoká škola na Moravě Kunovice POČÍTAČOVÉ SÍTĚ – PDF". docplayer.cz. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  18. "Ronja 10M Metropolis, Tetrapolis, Inferno, Rexlator distance issues". ronja.twibright.com. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  19. "Twibright Labs : Ronja". linas.org. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  20. "Download Limit Exceeded". CiteSeerX 10.1.1.963.9463. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  21. "Naval Applications for LiFi: The Transmitting Tool". cimsec.org. 10 August 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  22. "How much does Ronja cost?". ronja.twibright.com. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  23. "Ronja Tetrapolis: Requirements (Modules, Material, Tools, Software)". ronja.twibright.com. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  24. "NXP Semiconductors: BF 908 Datasheet, page 2, table row "input capacitance at gate 1"" (PDF). nxp.com. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  25. Phanumas Khumsat, Noppadol Wattanapisit, Karel Kulhavey, "Low-Cost Laser-Based Wireless Optical Transceiver for 10-Mbps Ethernet Link", Proceedings of IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON), Hong Kong, China (2006) (full text), pag 2 upper left, mention about "unwanted lossy integrator".
  26. "How does Ronja work?". ronja.twibright.com. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  27. "Philips Semiconductors RF Communications Products: NE592 Product specification, page 1 lines 6–7 of the 1st paragraph and page 8, heading "FILTER NETWORKS"" (PDF). nxp.com. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  28. Phanumas Khumsat, Noppadol Wattanapisit, Karel Kulhavey, "Low-Cost Laser-Based Wireless Optical Transceiver for 10-Mbps Ethernet Link", Proceedings of IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON), Hong Kong, China (2006) (full text)
  29. "HSDL-4220 Datasheet" (PDF). mouser.com. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  30. "Ronja Nebulus (infrared transmitter) schematic" (PDF). twibright.com. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  31. "Fairchild: 74AC04 Datasheet" (PDF). colorado.edu. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  32. "Ronja Twister". ronja.twibright.com. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  33. "Ronja Twister2". ronja.twibright.com. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  34. Johan Söderberg: Free software to open hardware: Critical theory on the frontiers of hacking (Doctoral dissertation). Sweden: University of Gothenburg. 2011. hdl:2077/24450. ISBN 9789197544276.
  35. "David Němec: Cableless optical transmission (in Czech), master's diploma thesis, Institute of Telecommunications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno, Czech Republic, 2012" (PDF). vutbr.cz. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  36. Santi Phasuk (สันติ ผาสุข): Design and Implementation of a Data Transceiver via Visible Light Beam (in Thai with English abstract), master's thesis, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand, 2011.
  37. Lafata, P.; Bakala, B. (1 December 2012). "Designing and realization of free-space optical link and its diagnostic". pp. 1–5. Retrieved 3 June 2017 – via IEEE Xplore.
  38. "Jan Matyáš: FPGA-Based Ronja Twister (full text), Bachelor's Thesis, Department of Computer Systems, Faculty of Information Technology, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic, 2011" (PDF). vutbr.cz. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  39. "Bc. Lukáš Chobot: Wireless data transfer via optical modules (in Czech), Diploma Thesis, Faculty of Applied Computer Science, Tomas Bata University, Zlín, Czech Republic, 2011" (PDF). utb.cz. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  40. "Bc. Filip Němec: Optical Cableless Transmittion (in Czech), Master's Thesis, Department of Telecommunications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic, 2010" (PDF). vutbr.cz. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  41. "T. Szabo: Design and realization of wireless optical connection RONJA (mentioned in annual report), master's thesis, Department of Telecommunications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information, Slovak University Of Technology in Bratislava, Slovakia, 2007" (PDF). stuba.sk. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  42. "Bc. Ľubomír Adámek: Wireless Data Transmission (in Czech), Diploma Thesis, Faculty of Applied Computer Science, Tomas Bata University, Zlín, Czech Republic, 2006" (PDF). utb.cz. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
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  44. "M. A. Chancey: Short Range Underwater Optical Communication Links (full text), Master Thesis, North Carolina State University, USA, 2005" (PDF). ncsu.edu. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
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  46. "Filip Němec: High School Practical Graduation Exam: An Optical Datalink Between Two Computers "RONJA 10Mb/s" (in Czech), Electrotechnical Vocational High School SPŠE/VOŠ Karla IV. 13, Pardubice, Czech Republic, 2005" (PDF). chrudim2000.cz. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  47. "Vojtěch Čižinský: Optical datalink transmitting 10 Mb/s (in Czech), High School Graduation Exam Technical Documentation, Electrotechnical Vocational High School SPŠE/VOŠ, Pardubice, Czech Republic, 2004" (PDF). chrudim2000.cz. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  48. "Antonín Slováček, Petr Severa: RONJA – an optical datalink (in Czech, listing, result listing), High School Vocational Activity, Electrotechnical Vocational High School SPŠE Kounicova 16, Brno, Czech Republic, 2007" (PDF). nidv.cz. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  49. "Jan Matyáš (Faculty of Information Technology Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic): FPGA-Based RONJA Twister, ACM Student Project of the Year 2011 Competition, Information Sciences and Technologies Bulletin of the ACM Slovakia, Special Section on the ACM Student Project of the Year 2011 Competition, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 43–44, 2011" (PDF). stuba.sk. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  50. "Julio Francisco Rufo Torres: Contribution to the study of Services Supported on VLC (Visible Light Communications) Networks (in Spanish), Doctoral Thesis, Doctoral Program Cybernetics and Telecommunication, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, University Institute for Technological Development and Innovation in Communications, 2015" (PDF). ulpgc.es. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  51. Stefan Jeu Sjraar Verhaegh: How Community Innovation Works – a Material-Semiotic Analysis of the Wireless Leiden Wi-Fi Network Doctoral Dissertation, University of Twente, Netherlands, 2010.
  52. "Charoen Tangtrongbenchasil, " Ubiquitous Optical Wireless Communication Using Optical Micro-Cell System ", Doctoral dissertation, Kochi University of Technology, Japan, 2008" (PDF). kochi-tech.ac.jp. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  53. "Christian Herzog, "K1-yNayTa1-xNbxO3 Thin Films for Integrated Electro-Optics", Doctoral Dissertation No. 17275, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Switzerland, 2007" (PDF). daduke.org. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  54. Stefano Truzzi: Visible Light Communication, Master Thesis, University of Turin, Italy, 2016.
  55. "Md Arifur Rahman: Routing on Resource Allocation in Free Space Optical Network, Diploma Thesis, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Sweden, 2016" (PDF). diva-portal.org. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  56. "Philip McGillis Bain: "Alternative Models of Connectivity: Reclaiming Networked Spaces", Master Thesis, University of Denver, Colorado, USA, 2015". du.edu. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
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  58. Čaljkušić, Marko (24 September 2015). Visible light communications. irb.hr (Thesis). Fakultet elektrotehnike, strojarstva i brodogradnje, Sveučilište u Splitu. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
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  90. Schematic capture
  91. PCB, gEDA Project

References
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