Radomir Vešović

Radomir Vešović (Cyrillic: Радомир Вешовић; 6 April 1871 – 27 September 1938)[2] was a Montenegrin and Yugoslav military officer and politician. Vešović was born in village of Lopate in Montenegrin county of Lijeva Rijeka, in a family whose male members were traditionally military officers. He completed military education in Italy in 1890 as the first member of Vasojevići tribe who received formal military education. In 1911 he was appointed as commander of Vasojević brigade, with rank of brigadier.

Radomir Vešović
Native name
Радомир Вешовић
Born(1871-04-06)6 April 1871
Lopate, Lijeva Rijeka, Principality of Montenegro[1]
Died27 September 1938(1938-09-27) (aged 67)
Slavonski Šamac, Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Allegiance Montenegro
Rank
  • 1910 - Brigadier
  • 1 November 1912 - General
Commands held
  • (1911 — 1912) commander of the Vasojević brigade
  • (1912) commander of the group of Montenegrin brigades that captured Metohija from the Ottomans
  • (1912—1913) commander of the Old-Serbian Detachment
  • (end of 1913) governor of Metohija
  • (1913—1915) War Minister of the Kingdom of Montenegro
  • (1919—?) General of Division in III Army of Kingdom of SHS
Battles/wars
    • Capture of Scutari
AwardsGolden Obilić Medal

At the beginning of the First Balkan War he was commander of the group of Montenegrin brigades that captured Plav, Gusinje, Dečani and Đakovica from the Ottomans, which brought him the rank of General. He continued his war engagement by participating in the Montenegrin siege of Scutari where he was wounded twice. He showed an exceptional courage which earned him a golden Obilić Medal.

At the end of 1913 Vešović was appointed as the governor of Metohija (the supreme commander of the military and civil administration of Đakovica Divisional Area) where he became also known as the firm hand. In 1913 he was promoted to a commander of the Old-Serbian Detachment until he became the Montenegrin War minister in period 1913–1915.[3]

After the beginning of the First World War and against the order of Montenegrin King Nikola, Vešović captured Scutari on 27 June 1915, despite opposition of Entante and behind the back of Serbian supreme command. During the Austro-Hungarian occupation of Montenegro, Vešović was the main organizer of the planned general uprising against the occupying forces planned for Vidovdan 1916 or for Saint Peter's feast day. The plans were discovered and occupation government sent patrol to arrest Vešović. Vešović escaped after killing one Austro-Hungarian officer and joined Chetnik guerrilla rebel forces in the region of Northern Montenegro and Metohija. He did not participate in their actions and in January 1918 surrendered after receiving guarantees that his life would be spared if he would participate in the Austro-Hungarian campaign to convince comitadji irregulars to stop their actions. Vešović accepted to do so and lost what remained of his prestige, before he was interned to Austria.

After the World War I and unification of Montenegro and Serbia, Vešović was one of four generals of former Montenegrin army who was accepted as general of new Army of Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, receiving the rank General of Division. Being strong supporter of the Montenegrin Petrović dynasty, he refused to pledge his loyalty to Karađorđević dynasty, which together with some speech he held in Andrijevica, resulted with his arrest in 1919 and trial in Zemun in 1921

Early life

Vešović was born in a family whose male members, including his father Luka,[4] had traditionally been military officers. He completed primary school in Lijeva Rijeka and attended secondary school in Cetinje for five years. In 1887 he was selected to attend further military education in Italy which he completed with excellent success.[5][6] Vešović was the first member of Vasojevići who completed formal military education of an officer in 1890.[7]

Early military career

In 1908 Vešović reported to his supreme command about great frustration of Albanian population because of the increase of taxes.[8] In the same year Vešović was officially accused for undertaking actions toward Berane nahiyah which could provoke war with the Ottoman Empire.[9] He was allegedly responsible for cutting the telegraph wires and distribution of hand grenades among population of Berane. The official investigation concluded that he was not guilty.[10] According to some sources, the false accusations were result of the animosity between Vešović and voivode Lakić Vojvodić who competed with Vešović for prestige in Vasojevići.[11] In 1910 he was awarded with the rank of brigadier.[12] Since 1911,[13] Vešović was a commander of the Vasojević brigade.[14]

First Balkan War
Together with Montenegrin artillery unit, Vešović crosses the river Lim riding a horse, October 1912

In October 1912, at the beginning of the First Balkan War he was commander of the group of Montenegrin brigades that captured Plav and Gusinje from the Ottomans. After the battle, which was among population of Trijebač interpreted as revenge for the Battle of Novšiće, Vešović captured Greben and Lipovica above Gusinje and created position to attack Ottoman flanks in Metohija.[15]

Most of the garrison of Đakovica fled to Krasnići.[16] According to some sources, the army commanded by Vešović plundered population of Đakovica.[17] On 24 October Vešović reported that he took half of his army and went to disarm Krasnići tribe who began to organize together with retreating forces from Đakovica.[18] Since he was unable to disarm Krasnići tribesmen who lived in about 800 houses, each with at least two Mauser guns, he did not dare to proceed further with advance leaving such potential great threat behind his flanks.

On 1 November 1912 Vešović was promoted to rank of General.[19][20] Vešović participated in Montenegrin siege of Scutari where he was wounded twice,[21] showing an exceptional courage which earned him a golden Obilić Medal and nickname the knight of Brdanjolt (Serbian: витез од Брдањолта).[22]

At the end of 1913[23] Vešović appointed as governor of Metohija (supreme commander of military and civil administration of Đakovica Divisional Area)[24] known as firm hand.[25] Since the Catholic schools in the newly captured territories were perceived as centres of Austro-Hungarian propaganda, Vešović closed them and ordered that all children are to attend public government schools.[26]

Vešović was commander of the Old-Serbian Detachment until 1913 when he was appointed as Minister of War.[27]

During World War I

Capture of Scutari

Against the order of Montenegrin King Nikola, Vešović captured Scutari on 27 June 1915, despite opposition of Entante and behind the back of Serbian supreme command and even his own chief of General Staff, Božidar Janković.[28]

According to some sources, Vešović unsuccessfully tried to retreat over Albania before the forces of Austria-Hungary occupied the whole Montenegro, staying with his staff in Vraka.[29]

Plans for uprising

At the beginning of the occupation of Montenegro by Austria-Hungary in early 1916, Vešović was the main organizer of the planned general uprising against the occupying forces.[30] According to reports of occupying sources, the uprising was planned for Vidovdan or for Saint Peter's feast day.[31] According to Rakočević, Vešović's plans for uprising were based on hopes that Allies would soon advance from Thesalloniki, otherwise he would himself give up any plans for rebellion.[32]

The plans were discovered and the main organizers, including Vešović, arrested.[33] When the Austrian soldiers arrested Vešović and conducted him from his village of Bukova Poljana toward Kolašin, he seized the first opportunity to kill Austrian Lieutenant near Mateševo[34] and escape into the woods together with his brothers Pavić and Novica.[35] The occupying authorities undertook punitive and preventive measures after this event, and took as hostages all male members of Vešovićs family and many of his notable friends, including Janko Vukotić.[36] They began with mass interning of Montenegrin population.[37] Eventually they killed his brother Vlajko after this event,[38] and interned his two daughters, Desanka and Zorka, who were first of many Montenegrin females interned during WWI.[39]

Vešović joined irregular units (comitadji) who struggled against occupying forces and hid in their ranks, without actually participating in their actions.[40] Austro-Hungarian authorities kept up to 45,000 soldiers in Montenegro and used additional forces composed of Muslims and Albanians to struggle against the chetas of comitiadji.[41] They urged Vešović to surrender and guaranteed that they would spare his life.[42] Vešović became tired from hiding within different guerrilla groups and decided to surrender on 1 January 1918.[43] After he surrendered, Vešović followed the wishes of the governor of Montenegro and began a campaign to convince comitadji irregulars to stop their actions, which resulted in loss of what remained of his prestige.[44] When authorities realized that they can not use him for their aims, they interned Vešović near Graz.[45]

After World War I

After the World War I and unification of Montenegro and Serbia, Vešović was one of four generals of former Montenegrin army who was accepted as general of new Army of Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. At the beginning of 1919 he was sent to serve in the Command of III army in Skoplje, with rank General of Division .[46]

Being strong supporter of the Montenegrin Petrović dynasty, he refused to pledge his loyalty to Karađorđević dynasty, which together with some speech he held in Andrijevica, resulted with his arrest in 1919 and tryal in Zemun in 1921.[47] According to some sources he planned an uprising which would rely on Italy against Karađorđević dynasty and in favor of former Montenegrin king Petrović.[48]

In the early 1920s Yugoslav newspapers Vešović was considered as leader of Montenegrin federalists on elections for state parliament, until they submitted final lists of candidates in which Vešović was candidate for Andrijevica county while leader of list was Mihailo Ivanović.[49] Vešović tried to appoint his list for Peć (Metohija County) and Berane County, but failed to gain enough support of local population.[50] Among the supporters of Montenegrin Federalists, he was particularly popular among former military officers of Montenegrin Royal Army. Vešović was a personification of this part of the population, unsatisfied with their treatment in the newly formed army, who demanded their rights.

Legacy
Vešović was one of main characters of the 1922 silent movie There Is No Resurrection Without Death

Vešović was one of the most important Serb villains of Albanian poetry, besides Marko Miljanov and Savo Lazarević.[51]

Vešović was one of the main characters in a silent movie titled There Is No Resurrection Without Death (Serbian: Vaskrsenja ne biva bez smrti) which had its premiere on 14 April 1922 in Volturno, Rome.[52]

In July 1941, during the suppression of the Uprising in Montenegro, the leaders of Albanian irregulars inspired them to kill and plunder populated places in Vasojevići region, reminding them how Vešović plundered many Northern Albanian villages during his attack on Scutari in the First Balkan War.[53]

In 2001 RTCG produced a documentary drama Sudjenje djeneralu Vesovicu (transl. Trial to General Vešović) directed by Gojko Kastratović.[54]

References
  1. (Čolaković & Čirgić 2008, p. 281)
  2. Лесковац, Младен; Форишковић, Александар; Попов, Чедомир (2004). Српски биографски речник (in Serbian). Будућност. p. 176. РАДОМИР ВЕШОВИЋ Вешовић, Радомир, генерал (Лијева Ријека, Васојевићи, 6. IV 1871 — Славонски Шамац, Хр- ватска, 27. IX 1938)
  3. (Otte 2016, p. 367)
  4. (Ružić 1955, p. 131)
  5. Лесковац, Младен; Форишковић, Александар; Попов, Чедомир (2004). Српски биографски речник (in Serbian). Будућност. p. 176. Потиче из познате официрске породице братства Вешовића. Основну школу
  6. (Otte 2016, p. 367)
  7. Vojno-istoriski glasnik. 1986. p. 228.
  8. (Pejović 1973, p. 79)
  9. (Škerović 1964, p. 536)
  10. (Škerović 1964, p. 536)
  11. (Škerović 1964, p. 536)
  12. Stvaranje. Stvaranja. July 1973. p. 1498.
  13. Vojno-istoriski glasnik. 1986. p. 228.
  14. (Perović 1960, p. 37)
  15. Stvaranje. Stvaranja. 1976. p. 1052.
  16. (Király & Rothenberg 1987, p. 139)
  17. (Hrabak 1988, p. 15)
  18. Zapisi; Glasnik cetinjskog istorijskog društva. 1935. p. 242. ...Цетиње Бригадир Вешовић од 24 т. м. извјештава како је са пола војске отишао да разоружава Красниће, пошто је претходно био извијештен да се они организују око одбеглих Ђаковичана, да ....
  19. Лесковац, Младен; Форишковић, Александар; Попов, Чедомир (2004). Српски биографски речник (in Serbian). Будућност. p. 176. Потиче из познате официрске породице братства Вешовића. Основну школу)
  20. (Otte 2016, p. 367)
  21. Лесковац, Младен; Форишковић, Александар; Попов, Чедомир (2004). Српски биографски речник (in Serbian). Будућност. p. 176).
  22. (Čolaković & Čirgić 2008, p. 281)
  23. Лесковац, Младен; Форишковић, Александар; Попов, Чедомир (2004). Српски биографски речник (in Serbian). Будућност. p. 176).
  24. (Čolaković & Čirgić 2008, p. 281)
  25. (Milatović 1990, p. 70): "Генерал Радомир Вешовић је био командант групе бригада црногорске војске које су 1912. ослободиле Метохију. Он је касније био и обласни управитељ Метохије, познат као чврста рука."
  26. Peuples yougoslaves à la veille de la première guerre mondiale. "Naučno delo,". 1967. p. 832. Генерал Вешовић је на- редио затварање католичке школе у Баковици крајем 1913. го- дине.
  27. (Škerović 2004, p. 105)
  28. (Mitrović 2007, p. 139)
  29. Bošković, Branko (1991), "Vračani u balkanskom i prvom svetskom ratu", Stanovništvo slovenskog porijekla u Albaniji : zbornik radova sa međunarodnog naučnog skupa održanog u Cetinju 21, 22. i 23. juna 1990 (in Serbo-Croatian), OCLC 29549273
  30. (Ružić 1955, p. 131)
  31. (Rakočević 1997, p. 313)
  32. (Rakočević 1997, p. 315)
  33. (Ružić 1955, p. 131)
  34. Bulletin des musʹees de Cʹetignʹe (in Serbian). 1977. p. 157. Ускоро, средином јуна те године, генерал Радомир Вешовић, последњи војни министар у влади краља Николе, убио је код Матешева аустријског поручника Пухера, који га је, као осумњиченог за припремање устанка, спроводио ...
  35. (Ružić 1955, p. 131): "министар војске, бри- тадир Радомир Вешовић, кога је сироводио вод аустриских војника од његовог села, Букове Пољане, до Колашина, увребао је моменат и убио аустриског канетана, затим, користећи се шумом, нобегао у ..."
  36. (Srejović, Gavrilović & Ćirković 1983, p. 166)
  37. Enciklopedija Jugoslavije: Bje-Crn. Jugoslavenski Leksikografski Zavod. 1980. p. 53.
  38. (Otte 2016, p. 367)
  39. (Rakočević 1997, p. 328)
  40. (Mitrović 2007, p. 266)
  41. (Čubrilović & Čulinović 1969, p. 178)
  42. (Mitrović 2007, p. 266)
  43. (Mitrović 2007, p. 266)
  44. (Mitrović 2007, p. 266)
  45. (Mitrović 2007, p. 267)
  46. Лесковац, Младен; Форишковић, Александар; Попов, Чедомир (2004). Српски биографски речник (in Serbian). Будућност. p. 176. Почетком 1919. распоређен је у чину дивизијског генерала на службу у Штаб III армије у Скопљу.)
  47. (Rastoder 2000, p. 383): "Ђенерал Вешовић пред судом, Земун 1921. Вешовић је био ухапшен крајем 1919. године, пошто је претходно одбио да положи заклетву вјерности! Збогјавног наступа на једном збору у Андријевици крајем августа 1919 на којем .."
  48. (Petrović 2005, p. 39)
  49. Crnogorski federalisti, 1919-1929. Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti. 1981. p. 93.
  50. Crnogorski federalisti, 1919-1929. Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti. 1981. p. 98.
  51. Prilozi proučavanju narodne poezije. 1936. p. 136. Марко Миљанов, Радомир Вешовић и Саво Лазаревић главне су српске личности о којима певају арнаутске песме.
  52. Bošković, Milorad (2017). "Crnogorska Kinematografija do 1989" (PDF). Matica. 69: 469. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
  53. Cerović, Vuksan (1989). Kosovo--kontrarevolucija koja teče. Nova knj. p. 150.
  54. Ć, A. "Nacionalne penzije dobili Šobić, Goranović i Kastratović". DAN. Retrieved 12 August 2017.

Sources

Further reading
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