Red and White Plum Blossoms

Red and White Plum Blossoms (紙本金地著色紅白梅図 shihonkinjichakushoku kōhakubaizu) is an early 18th-century painting on a pair of two-panel byōbu folding screens by Japanese artist Ogata Kōrin (1658–1716).[1] The simple, stylized composition depicts a patterned flowing river with a white plum tree on the left and a red one on the right. The plum blossoms indicate the scene occurs in spring.

Red and White Plum Blossoms, Ogata Kōrin, early 18th century

The work is one of the best-known paintings in Japan,[2] where it is a registered National Treasure. It resides in the MOA Museum of Art in the city of Atami in Shizuoka Prefecture.[1]

Description
Kōrin depicts stylized prunus mume trees.

The simple, stylized composition of Red and White Plum Blossoms[3] depicts a patterned flowing river with a white plum tree on the left and a red plum tree on the right.[4] The plum blossoms indicate the scene occurs in spring.[1]

The work is undated,[lower-alpha 1] but believed to be from Ogata's later period,[4] and probably one of his final works.[5] Based on evidence such as the signature, technique, and composition, art historian Yūzō Yamane dates the work to 1714 or 1715, just before the artist's death. The seal Hōshuku[lower-alpha 2] appears on both screens, but each has a different signature: Hokkyō Kōrin[lower-alpha 3] on the left and Sei Sei Kōrin[lower-alpha 4] on the right, the latter a signature he began to use after he left Edo, which he visited between 1704 and 1709.[6]

It is in coloured pigments on paper placed on a pair of two-panel byōbu folding screens. Each screen measures 156.5 × 172.5 centimetres (61.6 × 67.9 in). Kōrin achieved the mottling texture on the trees using tarashikomi, a technique in which the painter applies a second layer of pigment or ink before the first layer has dried.[1] The work is considered exemplary of the Rinpa school that Kōrin cofounded.[3]

Square lattice patterns throughout the composition have led to the assumption the painting was made with a lower layer of silver and gold leaf.[4] The lower layers of the painting have a gold colour that was assumed to have been achieved with gold leaf. XRF analysis has shown only organic pigments mixed with a small amount of gold.[7] The black in the painting has been assumed to be either silver leaf that has blackened from exposure to sulphur, or blue pigment that has blackened as the azurite in the pigment has come off.[4] Again, XRF imaging has found only organic dyes.[7] Analysis of the trees has been inconclusive, but found that they were painted with pigments likely made with the minerals cinnabar and calcite, as well as organic pigments elsewhere, such as in the buds.[7]

Provenance

No documentation exists from before the 20th century on the commission or provenance of the screens.[8] They receive mention in no Edo-period publications on Kōrin's works and were not copied by his followers, which suggests they were not well known. A journal article in 1907[lower-alpha 5] is the first known publication about them, and their first public display came in a 200th-anniversary exhibition of Kōrin's work in 1915.[9]

The MOA Museum of Art in the city of Atami in Shizuoka Prefecture displays the work each winter when plum blossoms are in bloom.

Mokichi Okada began negotiations to purchase the screens in 1953 with the descendants of the daimyōs of the Tsugaru clan, who may have been the original owners; the transfer was concluded in 1954.[8] The screens reside at the MOA Museum of Art in the city of Atami in Shizuoka Prefecture, along with the rest of Okada's collection.[10] The museum displays the screens a month per year in late winter, the season when the plum blossoms bloom. Nearby is a garden reproduction of the screens' subject: two hillocks dotted with 360 plum trees, the number of plum trees said to surround the shrine of Lin Bu, a Chinese poet renowned for writing about plum blossoms. The display attracts large crowds.[11]

Legacy

The screens are considered one of Kōrin's greatest works and are amongst the best known works of Japanese art.[8]

The NHK historical drama Genroku Ryōran used a computer animated version of Red and White Plum Blossoms during its opening credits.[5]

Notes
  1. Only three of Kōrin's works are dated.[5]
  2. 方祝 Hōshuku
  3. 法橋光琳 Hokkyō Kōrin
  4. 青々光琳 Sei Sei Kōrin
  5. 「尾形光琳筆 梅花図屏風に就て」 "Ogata Kōrin hitsu Baika Zu Byōbu ni tsuite", in Kokka (『國華』), issue 201, p. 569 (1907)

References
  1. Nikoru 1997, p. 291.
  2. Hayakawa et al. 2007, p. 57.
  3. Carpenter 2012, p. 146.
  4. Hayakawa et al. 2007, p. 58.
  5. Daugherty 2003, p. 41.
  6. Daugherty 2003, p. 42.
  7. Hayakawa et al. 2007, p. 62.
  8. Daugherty 2003, p. 39.
  9. Daugherty 2003, p. 43.
  10. Daugherty 2003, pp. 39–40.
  11. Daugherty 2003, p. 40.

Works cited
  • Carpenter, John T. (2012). Designing Nature: The Rinpa Aesthetic in Japanese Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9781588394712.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Daugherty, Cynthia (March 2003). "Historiography and Iconography in Ogata Korin's Iris and Plum Screens". Ningen Kagaku Hen. Kyushu Institute of Technology (16): 39–91.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hayakawa, Yasuhiro; Shirono, Seiji; Miura, Sadatoshi; Matsushima, Tomohide; Uchida, Tokugo (2007). "Non-Destructive Analysis of a Painting, National Treasure in Japan" (PDF). Advances in X-ray Analysis. JCPDS-International Centre for Diffraction Data. 50 (2): 57–63. Bibcode:2007PDiff..22..126H. doi:10.1154/1.2737467. ISSN 1097-0002.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Nikoru, C. W. (1997). Japan: The Cycle of Life. Kodansha International. ISBN 978-4-7700-2088-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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