Regional discrimination in China

Regional discrimination in China or regionalism is overt prejudice against people based on their places of origin, ethnicity, sub-ethnicity, language, dialect, or their current provincial zones. China's sheer size and population renders much demographic understanding tied to locality, and there is often little life movement outside of a citizen's province of birth. Historically, internal migration has been tightly controlled, and many barriers to free movement exist today. Treatment of ethnic minorities and Han Chinese regional groups can hinge on preferential assumptions based on places of upbringing, and is often most pronounced towards those born external to urban zones.

When Chinese migrants settle in a new region, local residents can develop social attitudes and prejudgments based on the newcomer's place of birth. If a large volume of new residents relocate from a particular area, regionalism can manifest as sub-ethnic bias and provoke social tension.[1]

Currently, the CCP defines regionalism as adverse action or negative attitudes against another based on their home province. The Chinese state acknowledges this as a detrimental yet pervasive prejudice.[2]

Regional discrimination there can also be discrimination against person or a group of people who speak a particular language dialect.

The hukou household registry is a system that has been criticized as an entrenchment of social strata, especially as between rural and urban residency status, and is regarded by some as a form of caste system.

History

Regionalism has long been part of society in China. Generally, southern China is thought to be more regionalist than northern China. The Hakka people, despite being considered Han Chinese, were traditionally hated and despised by the Cantonese. This is thought to have led to various conflict such as the bloody Hakka-Punti Wars.

In Mainland China

In university admittance

A university usually sets a fixed admission quota for each province, with a higher number of students coming from its home province. As the quantity and the quality of universities vary greatly across China, it is argued that students face discrimination during the admission process based on their region. However, this kind of discrimination is improved. For example, in recent decades, Beijing colleges and universities have significantly increased their admission scores for Beijing students, where the score lines for Beijing students are clearly at the forefront in comparison with the score lines for other provinces students.[3] When comparing the local enrollment ratios of universities in all provinces, it can be seen that the proportion of domestic students enrolled in Beijing colleges and universities is much lower than the percentage of local students in other provinces.[4]

In recruitment

In China's early days, the application of civil servant was offered mainly to the locals. The residence registration normally appears on personal identification documents and has led many employers and local governments to discriminate based on the permanent residence of applicants. But now this discrimination is reversed, for example, many companies in Beijing refuse to recruit Beijingers because they believe that locals in Beijing are lazy, leading to a high unemployment rate among locals.[5]

In urban and rural areas

After the Communist Party took power of Mainland China, the Chinese government began using the family register system to control the movement of people between urban and rural areas. Individuals were broadly categorised as "rural" or "urban" workers. Urban dwellers enjoyed a range of social, economic and cultural benefits, and China's 800 million rural residents were treated as second-class citizens.[6]

The millions of people who have left village life remain stuck at the margins of urban society and have been blamed for issues of rising crime and unemployment. Under pressure from their cities' citizens, regional governments continue to impose discriminatory rules. For example, the children of "Nong Min Gong" (rural workers) are not allowed to enter city schools. They must live with their grandparents or uncles to go to their local hometown schools. They are called home-staying children by Chinese governments. In 2005, Chinese researchers reported that there are about 130 million home-staying children living away from their parents.[7]

Against specific areas

As a result of unbalanced economic development, unfair discrimination usually follows the specific regional stereotyping held by a society.

Henan

Many rural farmers and migrant workers from Henan suffer abusive consequences from the privileged state system and media portrayal. The reasons for discrimination include having the largest farmer population in China, the huge number of rural workers migrating to cities, and the continuous emigration of refugees and victims from natural calamities and political tragedies in the 20th century.[8]

Hubei

During the COVID-19 pandemic, many mainland Chinese refused the admission of Hubei residents or people originating from Hubei from dining and accommodations.[9]

Beijing

Due to the responsibility of Beijing as the capital and the hospitality of Beijingers, Beijing has vigorously promoted the slogan that belongs to this city, called the Beijing Spirit.[10] However, this kind of hospitality has not been exchanged for equal respect. Beijingers welcome these people who come to Beijing to start their careers. Still, these people begin to discriminate against Beijingers because they believe that Beijingers are inferior to them in intelligence and effort so that even job opportunities are unwilling to be offered to Beijingers.[11]

Shanghai

As migrants, most from southwestern or central China (Henan and southernwestern Shanxi), flow increasingly into Shanghai, they are often blamed for the rising crime and unemployment. They are often attracted by the Shanghai hukou for its convenience and social benefits. Consequently, sometimes Shanghai residents are also despised and discriminated against by people from rural regions.[12][13]

Guangdong

People from places in China outside Guangdong who don't speak local languages like Cantonese, Teochew, or Hakka, are called "北佬" or "北姑" (literally, "Northern guys" or "Northern girls"). In particular, in the early 1980s, longtime Guangdong residents shunned migrant workers who they stereotyped as showering less than locals, and as not willing to learn Cantonese. The Hong Kong–Mainland China conflict has also inflamed regionalism, since Hong Kong shares a border with Guangdong.[14]

Linguistic conflicts related to Cantonese include incidents like the Guangzhou Television Cantonese controversy, and one where a school in Guangzhou which introduced a Cantonese-only textbook into classes was accused of "promoting separatism" by some northerners.[15] The project was shut down by local authorities because of the controversy.[15] The suppression of the Cantonese language, as well as the mass migration of non-Cantonese speaking people into the area (only about half of Guangzhou's population are Cantonese natives, in recent times), have caused some Cantonese enthusiasts to accuse the local authorities of wanting to commit "cultural genocide" of the Cantonese language.

Besides that, there is also discriminatory laws that require southern provinces in general to have to pay fines at higher rates (in relation to local income levels) for going against China's family planning policies, than their northern counterparts.[16]

In Hong Kong and Macau

In both special administrative regions of China, (Hong Kong and Macau) some people discriminate against the Mainland Chinese by calling call them "dai luk lou,", as they are from the mainland.[17] A 2012 full-page advertisement funded by a group of Hong Kong residents, in Hong Kong tabloid Apple Daily, called mainland Chinese "locusts".[18] In 2020, following the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests and during the COVID-19 pandemic it was reported that over 100 restaurants in Hong Kong refused to serve mainland Chinese customers.[19][20][21]

See also

• Chinese Singaporeans

References

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4. "安徽大学省内本地招生占比超过一半".
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7. "从1000万到1.3亿:农村留守儿童到底有多少". Retrieved 6 March 2015.
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11. "不招北京人的背后潜规则被揭".
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14. "加國華裔之差異：廣東人香港人大陸人". Retrieved 6 March 2015.
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17. "加国华裔之差异：广东人香港人大陆人_网易出国频道". Retrieved 6 March 2015.
18. "HK ad calls mainlanders 'locusts'". February 1, 2012 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
19. Limited, Bangkok Post Public Company. "More than 100 HK restaurants refuse to serve customers from China". www.bangkokpost.com.
20. "HK restaurants shut out Mandarin speakers". South China Morning Post.
21. McLaughlin, Yasmeen Serhan, Timothy (March 13, 2020). "The Other Problematic Outbreak". The Atlantic.