Renilla-luciferin 2-monooxygenase

Renilla-luciferin 2-monooxygenase, Renilla luciferase, or RLuc, is a bioluminescent enzyme found in Renilla reniformis, belonging to a group of coelenterazine luciferases. Of this group of enzymes, the luciferase from Renilla reniformis has been the most extensively studied, and due to its bioluminescence requiring only molecular oxygen, has a wide range of applications, with uses as a reporter gene probe in cell culture, in vivo imaging, and various other areas of biological research.[2] Recently, chimeras of RLuc have been developed and demonstrated to be the brightest luminescent proteins to date, and have proved effective in both noninvasive single-cell and whole body imaging.[3]

Renilla-luciferin 2-monooxygenase
Renilla reniformis luciferase with bound coelenteramide. PDB: 2PSJ​[1]
Identifiers
EC number1.13.12.5
CAS number61869-41-8
Databases
IntEnzIntEnz view
BRENDABRENDA entry
ExPASyNiceZyme view
KEGGKEGG entry
MetaCycmetabolic pathway
PRIAMprofile
PDB structuresRCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum
Gene OntologyAmiGO / QuickGO

Note that the EC record also includes other unrelated enzymes that catalyze the same reaction. An example is the calcium-dependent photoprotein aequorin: while Rluc is in the AB hydrolase superfamily, aequorin is an EF hand protein.[4] The name does not specifically refer to Renilla, but instead refers to Renilla-luciferin, a chemical also known as coelenterazine.

Chemical reaction

RLuc is an oxidoreductase, specifically acting on single donors with O2 as the oxidant. However, this enzyme appears to be unrelated from most other luciferases that act on coelenterazine, such as those from copepods. RLuc catalyzes the chemical reaction

Coelenterazine + O2 coelenteramide + CO2 + hν

In the process, coelenterazine is oxidized with a concurrent loss of CO2, and a photon of blue light is emitted.[5]

Biological function

In Renilla reniformis, RLuc is found in membrane-bound intracellular structures within specialized light emitting cells,[6][7] and is coupled with a closely interacting green fluorescent protein (RrGFP),[8] and a Ca++ activated luciferin binding protein (RrLBP).[9] Although the luciferase catalyzed oxidation of coelenterazine releases a photon of blue light (480 nm), this is not observed in vivo. Instead, the energy released by the reaction involving RLuc is passed via resonance energy transfer to the fluorophore of RrGFP and emitted as a green photon (505 nm),[10] resulting in green bioluminescence observed from the animal. This process relies on a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanism, increasing the emitted photon number approximately six-fold.[11]

Structure

Renilla luciferase contains 311 amino acids,[1] and is active as a nearly spherical single polypeptide chain monomer of 36 kDa, which have a tendency for self-association, forming inactive dimers and trimers.[12][13] Like other dehalogenase-superfamily enzymes, it has a characteristic α/β-hydrolase fold sequence at its core[14] and shares the conserved catalytic triad of residues employed by dehalogenases.[15] In RLuc, the loop containing residues 153 – 163 is structurally flexible, facilitating greater diffusion of solvents into the active site, which contains a highly-conserved catalytic triad consisting of Aspartic Acid at residue 120, Glutamic Acid at residue 144, and Histidine at residue 285.[1]

Enzyme pathway

Unlike photoproteins which stably bind coelenterazine and emit light upon addition of calcium, coelenterazine is normally bound by RrLBP, the luciferin-binding protein. When stimulated, a Ca2+ ion first interacts with RrLBP, causing it to release coelenterazine.[9] Coelenterazine is then oxidized by RLuc into coelenteramide, releasing a single photon of blue light (480 nm) in the process. This photon is captured by the adjacent GFP, releasing a photon of green light. This pathway is summarized below.

Mechanism

The RLuc mediated chemical reaction involves the catalytic degradation of coelenterazine, and proceeds through a 1,2-dioxetane (also called dioxetanone or cyclic peroxide) intermediate.[16] Based on studies using radioactively labelled oxygen species within the RLuc complex, it has been determined that the luciferin carbonyl oxygen is exchanged rapidly with oxygen from water prior to incorporation of an oxygen atom from O2 via a dioxetane intermediate. The resultant CO2 also rapidly exchanges its oxygens with those from the surrounding water.[17] The general mechanism is depicted below.

Mechanism of Renilla Luciferase and its conversion of coelenterazine to coelenteramide, CO2 and a photon of light

References
  1. Loening AM, Fenn TD, Gambhir SS (December 2007). "Crystal structures of the luciferase and green fluorescent protein from Renilla reniformis". Journal of Molecular Biology. 374 (4): 1017–28. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2007.09.078. PMC 2700051. PMID 17980388.
  2. Daunert, Sylvia (2006). Photoproteins in bioanalysis. John Wiley & Sons.
  3. Saito K, Chang YF, Horikawa K, Hatsugai N, Higuchi Y, Hashida M, Yoshida Y, Matsuda T, Arai Y, Nagai T (11 December 2012). "Luminescent proteins for high-speed single-cell and whole-body imaging". Nature Communications. 3: 1262. Bibcode:2012NatCo...3.1262S. doi:10.1038/ncomms2248. PMC 3535334. PMID 23232392.
  4. MetaCyc apoaequorin-1
  5. Schomburg, Dietmar (1994). Enzyme Handbook. Springer.
  6. Anderson JM, Cormier MJ (April 1973). "Lumisomes, the cellular site of bioluminescence in coelenterates". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 248 (8): 2937–43. PMID 4144548.
  7. Spurlock BO, Cormier MJ (January 1975). "A fine structure study of the anthocodium in Renilla mülleri. Evidence for the existence of a bioluminescent organelle, the luminelle". The Journal of Cell Biology. 64 (1): 15–28. doi:10.1083/jcb.64.1.15. PMC 2109472. PMID 233975.
  8. Ward WW, Cormier MJ (February 1979). "An energy transfer protein in coelenterate bioluminescence. Characterization of the Renilla green-fluorescent protein". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 254 (3): 781–8. PMID 33175.
  9. Inouye S (March 2007). "Expression, purification and characterization of calcium-triggered luciferin-binding protein of Renilla reniformis". Protein Expression and Purification. 52 (1): 66–73. doi:10.1016/j.pep.2006.07.028. PMID 16997571.
  10. Martel C, Dugré-Brisson S, Boulay K, Breton B, Lapointe G, Armando S, Trépanier V, Duchaîne T, Bouvier M, Desgroseillers L (March 2010). "Multimerization of Staufen1 in live cells". RNA. 16 (3): 585–97. doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1978.tb07621.x. PMC 2822923. PMID 20075165.
  11. Ward WW, Cormier MJ (September 1976). "In vitro energy transfer in Renilla bioluminescence". The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 80 (20): 2289–91. doi:10.1021/j100561a030.
  12. Matthews JC, Hori K, Cormier MJ (January 1977). "Purification and properties of Renilla reniformis luciferase". Biochemistry. 16 (1): 85–91. doi:10.1021/bi00620a014. PMID 12797.
  13. Karkhanis YD, Cormier MJ (January 1971). "Isolation and properties of Renilla reniformis luciferase, a low molecular weight energy conversion enzyme". Biochemistry. 10 (2): 317–26. doi:10.1021/bi00778a019. PMID 4395343.
  14. Ollis DL, Cheah E, Cygler M, Dijkstra B, Frolow F, Franken SM, Harel M, Remington SJ, Silman I, Schrag J (April 1992). "The alpha/beta hydrolase fold" (PDF). Protein Engineering. 5 (3): 197–211. doi:10.1093/protein/5.3.197. PMID 1409539.
  15. Loening AM, Fenn TD, Wu AM, Gambhir SS (September 2006). "Consensus guided mutagenesis of Renilla luciferase yields enhanced stability and light output". Protein Engineering, Design & Selection. 19 (9): 391–400. doi:10.1093/protein/gzl023. PMID 16857694.
  16. Anderson JM, Charbonneau H, Cormier MJ (March 1974). "Mechanism of calcium induction of Renilla bioluminescence. Involvement of a calcium-triggered luciferin binding protein". Biochemistry. 13 (6): 1195–200. doi:10.1021/bi00703a602. PMID 4149963.
  17. Hart RC, Stempel KE, Boyer PD, Cormier MJ (April 1978). "Mechanism of the enzyme-catalyzed bioluminescent oxidation of coelenterate-type luciferin". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 81 (3): 980–6. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(78)91447-X. PMID 27179.
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