Revolutionary Antifascist Patriotic Front

The Revolutionary Antifascist Patriotic Front (FRAP) (Frente Revolucionario Antifascista y Patriota, sometimes also called Frente Revolucionario Antifascista y Patriótico[1]) was a radical Spanish Anti-Francoist, Marxist–Leninist revolutionary organization that operated in the 1970s. This group was initially inspired by the success of the student demonstrations of May 1968 in France.

Revolutionary Antifascist Patriotic Front

Frente Revolucionario Antifascista y Patriota (FRAP)
Coordinating CommitteeRaúl Marco, Elena Odena, Eladio Zújar, Julio Álvarez del Vayo and Alberto Fernández
FounderPCE (m-l), FELN and Vanguardia Socialista
Founded1971 (1971)
DissolvedLast activity 1978
Not formally dissolved
HeadquartersFrance, Switzerland
Newspaper¡Acción!
IdeologySpanish republicanism
Left-wing nationalism
Anti-Francoism
Marxism-Leninism
ColorsRed, Yellow and Murrey (Spanish Republican colors)
Party flag

History

Initial phase

In January 1971, shortly after Julio Álvarez del Vayo dissolved the largely inactive Spanish National Liberation Front (FELN), a coordinating committee for the creation of a revolutionary, antifascist and patriotic front (FRAP) began operating both in the universities of the largest cities in Spain (Valencia, Barcelona and Madrid) and among manufacturing workers of the main industrial regions as a still modest opposition movement against Francoist Spain. The committee was set up at a meeting of the leaders of the organization that was held in Paris. That Coordinating Committee (Comité Coordinador) was formed by Raúl Marco (Julio Fernández), Elena Odena (Benita Benigna Ganuza Muñoz) and Eladio Zújar (Lorenzo Peña) from the Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist), as well as Alberto Fernández and Julio Álvarez del Vayo from the Spanish National Liberation Front (FELN). Two years and a half later the FRAP was finally created; Lorenzo Peña had meanwhile left the organization altogether.[2]

Following the establishment of the FRAP proper, it initiated a more serious career of coordinating efforts with the aim of creating unrest in the universities and factories and motivating Spanish students and manual workers to begin an insurgency. Álvarez del Vayo, who had been previously the leader of the FELN, strongly believed in armed struggle.

FRAP published ¡Acción! and in 1972 a secret FRAP printing press was found in Madrid by the Brigada Político-Social (BPS), the Francoist political police division.[3]

Objectives

The goals of FRAP were expressed in six points that were widely publicized:

  • To overthrow Franco's Fascist Dictatorship.
  • To establish a Popular Federal Republic in Spain.
  • To expel the "Yankee Imperialists" from Spanish territory through an insurrection.
  • Nationalization of foreign-owned companies in Spain.
  • Confiscation of the wealth of the oligarchy, including land reform.
  • Disbanding the Fascist Armed Forces and foundation of a Popular Army at the service of the people.

Activity among university students and workers

The peak of FRAP's success was around 1973-74 when FRAP's activity was concentrated in the universities, encouraging the students to be aggressive and organized by forming self-defense pickets (piquetes de autodefensa). The first demonstrations on 1 May 1973 helped FRAP to develop strategies in fighting the police.[4] After its success, the following year on 1 May 1974, when FRAP called for a demonstration in the largest universities against the Francoist State the response of the Spanish students was forthcoming. They came out to the campuses and the streets in great numbers and the demonstrations ended in a big battle. The balance was: one dead policeman, about 20 people wounded and about 300 FRAP sympathizers arrested.

During the following months, the Armed Spanish Police continued identifying and arresting hundreds of FRAP militants and supporters. Only years later it would be known that many agents provocateurs of the Armed Police had infiltrated FRAP ranks.[5]

Armed phase and twilight of the movement

At the beginning of 1975, Francoist Spain unleashed a thorough wave of repression. The result was that 11 members of FRAP were arrested by the Spanish police and brought to a military court. FRAP's reaction in March was to initiate its 'armed phase' (fase armada) with the establishment of a 'military branch' (rama militar), a proposal that had been put forward by Álvarez del Vayo months before he died in exile in Geneva. As a result, in July and in August, two policemen were murdered by FRAP members in two separate incidents.[6] On August 26, the Francoist State promulgated an "Antiterrorist Law" with a retrospective action. 5 members of FRAP were brought to a military court and 3 of them, José Luis Sánchez-Bravo Sollas, José Humberto Baena Alonso and Ramón García Sanz were sentenced to death and were executed. International observers at the trial, such as Swiss lawyer Christian Grobet, contested the validity of the proceedings.[7]

On the first October 1975 FRAP killed four more policemen. The group not only engaged in encouraging demonstrations and political assassinations, it also carried out a number of successful armed robberies. After caudillo Franco's death in November 1975, the FRAP movement continued its struggle against the newly instituted monarchy, perceiving it as a continuation of Francoism under a new guise. But FRAP and the Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist) connected with it had lost much of their initial steam and First of October Anti-Fascist Resistance Groups, another radical violent group, attached to the Communist Party of Spain (Reconstituted), took over. The last FRAP armed groups were arrested in 1978 and though not formally dissolved, the organization's activity came to an end. In 1982 during the first Spanish Socialist Workers' Party government under Felipe González an amnesty was granted to FRAP militants by Royal Order.[8]

There was an attempt to revive the FRAP in recent times, already in this millennium.[9]

Assassinations

The FRAP has been labeled as a terrorist organization by the modern-day Spanish Government[10] and multiple Spanish right-wing media outlets.[11][12][13] The members of the Francoist Police assassinated by the FRAP have been granted the status of victims of terrorism by the Spanish government.[14]

Date Victim Corps
May 1, 1973 Juan Antonio Fernández Gutiérrez Cuerpo de Policía Armada y de Tráfico (Madrid)
September 27, 1973 Francisco Jesús Anguas Barragán Cuerpo de Policía Armada y de Tráfico (Barcelona)
July 14, 1975 Lucio Rodríguez Martín Cuerpo de Policía Armada y de Tráfico (Madrid)
August 16, 1975 Antonio Pose Rodríguez Guardia Civil (Madrid)
September 14, 1975 Juan Ruiz Muñoz Cuerpo de Policía Armada y de Tráfico (Barcelona)
September 29, 1975 Diego del Río Martín Cuerpo de Policía Armada y de Tráfico (Barcelona)

See also

References
  1. Pierre Celhay, Consejos de guerra en España. Ruedo Iberico. Paris
  2. Lorenzo Peña - AMARGA JUVENTUD Un ensayo de egohistoria
  3. Junta de Castilla Y Leon. El FRAP y el GRAPO en España
  4. La Verdad, 29 May 1973
  5. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha - La agonía del Franquismo
  6. La Vanguardia - La banda terrorista FRAP
  7. Tomás Pellicer: "Luchábamos contra una dictadura feroz"
  8. FRAP - Grupo Armado Archived 2012-06-20 at the Wayback Machine
  9. FRAP Blog Archived 2012-06-20 at the Wayback Machine
  10. Ministerio del Interior, ed. (2015). Ministerio del Interior: dos siglos de historia. p. 196. ISBN 978-84-8150-316-6.
  11. "El FRAP, la organización terrorista que asesinó a cinco policías de forma salvaje a finales del Franquismo". abc (in Spanish). 31 May 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
  12. Richart, Nuria (31 May 2020). "Así murieron las víctimas del FRAP, banda terrorista en la que militó el patriarca de los Iglesias". Libertad Digital - Cultura (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 June 2020.
  13. COPE, Redacción Herrera en (28 May 2020). "Herrera, sobre el padre de Iglesias: "¿El que milita en una organización terrorista es un terrorista?"". COPE (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 June 2020.
  14. "Fallecidos por terrorismo indemnizados por el Ministerio del Interior". Dirección General de Apoyo a Víctimas del Terrorismo.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.