Robert Parsons (composer)

Robert Parsons (ca. 1535 – January 1571/2) was an English composer of the Tudor period who was active during the reigns of King Edward VI, Queen Mary I and Queen Elizabeth I. He is noted for his compositions of church music.

For other people with the same name, see Robert Parsons (disambiguation).

Robert Parsons
Bornca. 1535 (1535)
Exeter, Devon
Diedca. 1572 (aged 36–37)
Newark-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire
Cause of deathDrowning
NationalityEnglish
OccupationComposer
Known forAnglican church music
Notable work
The First Service; Ave Maria; In manus tuas

Early life

Parsons was born around 1530–35, but no details of his birth survive and there is no evidence connecting him with Robert Parsons (1596-1676), a vicar choral at Exeter Cathedral,[1] or with his contemporary, the composer William Parsons of Wells.[2] Although little is known about his life, it is likely that in his youth he was a choir boy, as until 1561 he was an assistant to Richard Bower, Master of the Children of the Chapel Royal.

Career and influence
1596 map of Lincolnshire, where both Parsons and Byrd lived and worked (Mercator)

Robert Parsons was composing during a period of major religious upheaval in England. After the death of Henry VIII in 1547, the new King Edward VI advanced the Reformation in England, introducing major changes to the liturgy of the Church of England. In 1549, Thomas Cranmer's new Book of Common Prayer swept away the old Latin liturgy and replaced it with prayers in English.[3] This brand new liturgy suddenly demanded that new music should be written for the church in English, and musicians of the Chapel Royal such as Thomas Tallis, John Sheppard, and Robert Parsons were called upon to demonstrate that the new Protestantism was no less splendid than the old Catholic religion.[4] During the reign of Mary Tudor (1553–1558), a revival of Catholic practice encouraged a return to Latin music, but after Elizabeth I ascended to the throne of England in 1558, vernacular English liturgy and music came back into favour.[5]

Parsons was appointed Gentleman of the Chapel Royal on 17 October 1563. His work consisted of a number of sacred and secular vocal compositions. His earliest known composition is his First Service, a setting of text from the 1549 Prayer Book of King Edward VI and his largest surviving work, and its existence suggests that Parsons was actively composing from at least the early 1550s. This work contained settings of the canticles for the new services of Morning (Venite, Te Deum, Benedictus) and Evening Prayer (Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis), as well as a setting of the Credo and short Responses to the Ten Commandments for the Holy Communion service.[6]

William Byrd (1543–1623), who was influenced by Parsons

Parsons is especially noted for his choral motets, and he is recognised as a master of polyphonic writing for choirs with his skilled use of cantus firmus within his works.[7] Notable works include his setting of Ave Maria, the anthem Deliver me from mine enemies,[8] and some instrumental pieces. Eight of these works were included in the music manuscript known as the Dow Partbooks, and several his vocal works also feature in the Drexel and Peterhouse partbooks. Parsons was the first English composer to write a setting of the Office for the Dead, and he was possibly influenced by the work of Alfonso Ferrabosco, an Italian composer who was active in England at the time. Parsons maintained his association with the Chapel Royal at least until the final years of Mary Tudor's reign, which ended in 1558.[7]

Parsons worked with other composers of his day and it is thought that the collaborated with Richard Farrant on dramatic productions during the early 1560s.[7] Similarities have been demonstrated between John Sheppard's 1558 Second Service and Parsons's First Service, suggesting that Parsons was greatly influenced by Sheppard's compositional style.[5] Parsons is also closely connected with the composer William Byrd, and Parsons's influences can be traced in Byrd's instrumental works and choral motets.[9] The two musicians both lived and worked in the county of Lincolnshire; in 1567, Parsons was granted a Crown lease on a rectory at Stainton in Lincolnshire, 4 miles (6.4 km) from Hainton, where Byrd resided,[6] and it is thought that Parsons may have taught Byrd at Lincoln Cathedral.

Works

English works
  • The First Service (also known as The Great Service)
  • The Second 'Excellent' Service for Means
    (evening canticles to the Second Service composed by William Mundy in tribute to Parsons)
English anthems
  • Deliver me from mine enemies
  • Holy Lord God Almighty
Consort songs
  • Abradad: Alas you salt sea gods
  • Enforced by Love and Fear
  • No grief is like to mine
  • Pour down you powers divine

Latin works
  • Ave Maria
  • Credo quod redemptor meus vivit
  • Domine, quis habitabit
  • Iam Christus astra ascenderat
  • In manus tuas
  • Retribue servo tuo
  • Libera me, Domine, de morte aeterna
  • Magnificat
  • O bone Jesu
  • Peccantem me quotidie

Death and legacy
The River Trent at Newark

Robert Parsons is believed to have died in January 1571/2 when he fell into the then swollen River Trent at Newark-on-Trent in Nottinghamshire and was drowned.[8] His sudden accidental death was marked with great sadness as he had gained considerable acclaim as a composer, and the eulogy at his funeral (published in the Dow Partbook) lamented the fact that his life had been cut short at a young age:[7]

Qui tantus primo Parsone in flore fuisti, quantus in autumno in morerer flores
("You who were so great, Parsons, in life's springtime, how great you would have been in autumn, had death not intervened")

There is no record of Parsons's body ever having been retrieved from the river following his death.[10] Robert Parsons was survived by his son, John Parsons (1563–1623), also a minor composer, who served as organist of Westminster Abbey (1621–23). William Byrd succeeded Parsons as Gentleman of the Chapel Royal.

Today, Parsons's surviving compositions form part of the repertoire of Anglican church music. His Ave Maria was included in the 1978 publication, the Oxford Book of Tudor Anthems.[11]

References
  1. Stanford E. Lehmberg (1988). "8". The Reformation of Cathedrals: Cathedrals in English Society, 1485-1603. Princeton Legacy Library. p. 186. ISBN 0691055394.
  2. Magnus Williamson (ed.), Robert Parsons (d.1572), The First Service: Magnificat and Nunc dimittis (PDF), The Church Music Society, ISBN 0193953803
  3. Procter, F.; Frere, W. H. (1905). A New History of the Book of Common Prayer. Macmillan. p. 31.
  4. Unger, Melvin P. (2010). Historical Dictionary of Choral Music. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 116. ISBN 9780810873926. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
  5. Williamson, Magnus (2003). Commentary: Robert Parsons (d.1572), The First Service: Magnificat and Nunc dimittis (PDF). Oxford: Published on behalf of the Church Music Society by Oxford University Press. ISBN 0193953803. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  6. Kerman, Joseph (1980). The Masses and motets of William Byrd. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 65. ISBN 9780520040335. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
  7. Shrock, Dennis (2009). Choral repertoire. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199716623. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
  8. Humphreys, Maggie; Evans, Robert (1997). Dictionary of composers for the Church in Great Britain and Ireland (1. publ. ed.). London: Mansell. ISBN 9780720123302.
  9. Caldwell, John (1985). English keyboard music before the nineteenth century (Réimpr. Publication d'origine : New York : Praeger, 1973. ed.). New York: Dover. ISBN 9780486248516. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
  10. Robert Parsons at Find a Grave
  11. Morris, Christopher (1978). The Oxford book of Tudor anthems: 34 Anthems for Mixed Voices. Oxford: Music Department, Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0193533257.

See also
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