Roman Catholic Diocese of Gap

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Gap and Embrun (Latin: Dioecesis Vapincensis et Ebrodunensis; French: Diocèse de Gap et d'Embrun) is a suffragan diocese of the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church in the ecclesiastical province of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Marseille in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, southern France.[1]

Diocese of Gap and Embrun

Dioecesis Vapincensis et Ebrodunensis

Diocèse de Gap et d'Embrun
Gap Cathedral
(constructed 1866–1905)
Location
Country France
Ecclesiastical provinceMarseille
MetropolitanArchdiocese of Marseille
Statistics
Area5,643 km2 (2,179 sq mi)
Population
- Total
- Catholics (including non-members)		(as of 2013)
141,500
121,300 (85.7%)
Information
DenominationCatholic
Sui iuris churchLatin Church
RiteRoman Rite
Established5th Century
CathedralCathedral of Notre-Dame and Saint Arnoux in Gap
Current leadership
PopeFrancis
BishopXavier Malle
Metropolitan ArchbishopGeorges Pontier
Bishops emeritusJean-Michel di Falco Léandri (2003-2017)
Map
Website
diocesedegap.fr

The episcopal see is Gap Cathedral, in the city of Gap. It has a co-cathedral, the Co-cathédrale of Notre Dame in Embrun. The diocese also has a minor basilica, the Basilique Notre-Dame du Laus, in Saint-Étienne-le-Laus.

The current bishop is Jean-Michel di Falco.

Statistics

In 2014, the diocese served an estimated 121,700 Catholics (85.8% of an estimated 141,900 total) in 188 parishes and a mission. It had 55 priests (51 diocesan, 4 religious), 8 deacons, 71 lay religious (5 brothers, 66 sisters) and 3 seminarians. In 2017 there were 59 diocesan priests, 17 of whom were seventy-five years of age or older (and three over the age of ninety). Only one is under the age of thirty.[2]

History

Early Gap

Ancient traditions in liturgical books, of which at least one dates from the fourteenth century, state that the first Bishop of Gap was St. Demetrius, disciple of the Apostles and martyrs.[3] Victor de Buck in the Acta Sanctorum [4] finds nothing inadmissible in these traditions,[5] while Canon Albanès defends them[6] against Joseph Roman.[7] Albanès names as bishops of Gap the martyr St. Tigris (fourth century), then St. Remedius (394–419), whom Louis Duchesne makes a Bishop of Antibes[8] and who was involved in the struggle between Pope Zosimus and Bishop Proculus of Marseilles. According to Duchesne the first historically known bishop is Constantinus, present at the Council of Epaone in 517. The church of Gap had, among other bishops, Aredius of Gap (or St. Arey, 579–610?), who had at Gap a school,[9] and who was held in esteem by Pope Gregory the Great. Worth mention is St. Arnoux (1065–1078), who had been a monk of the abbey of Saint-Trinité de Vendome, and was named bishop by Pope Alexander II to replace the simoniac Bishop Ripert. Arnoux became a patron saint of the city of Gap.

Medieval Gap

In 890, the bishops of Provence assembled in the Council of Valence, under the leadership of the archbishops of Lyon, Arles, Embrun, and Vienne. The bishops took note of the fact that Archbishop Bernoin of Vienne had been to Rome to complain to the pope of the increasing disorder of the kingdom since the death of Charlemagne. They singled out the invasions of the Northmen and of the Saracens, who had caused the depopulation of the entire area.[10] On 7 July 1057, Pope Victor II wrote a letter of privileges for Archbishop Winimann (Viminien) of Embrun, whom he had consecrated and to whom he had given the pallium. In the bull, the Pope took note of the invasion, occupation, and devastation of the city of Embrun by the Saracens, a city only 40 km. from Gap. Embrun had also been a place of refuge for undisciplined people fleeing from other localities.[11] The whole of Provence, in fact, suffered from similar difficulties in the eighth and ninth centuries.[12]

On 31 July 1178, Bishop Gregory of Gap obtained a bull from the Emperor Frederic Barbarossa which made him Count of the City and territory of Gap.[13] The bishops were still subjects of the Count of Forcalquier, which became the property of Raymond of Bérenger, Count of Provence.[14]

Huguenots

In 1561 a Protestant preacher arrived in Gap from Geneva, and on 31 July began public preaching at an old mill next to the church of the Cordeliers outside the walls of Gap. On 16 and 17 November he preached publicly inside the city, at Sainte-Colombe. The consuls of Gap reported the incidents to the Lieutenant-General of the King, La Motte Gondrin, who immediately ordered the guilty preacher to be arrested for violating the king's edict. In 1562, however, the Protestant armies defeated and killed La Motte Gondrin, and on 1 May they attacked and took control of Gap. Bishop Gabriel de Clermont abandoned his post and apostasized. The preacher was released from prison and celebrated the Protestant triumph. In October, however, the Catholics in the neighborhood came up from Tallard and attacked Gap and drove the Protestants out. In 1568 however, bands of Protestant soldiers, encouraged by the successes of the armies of the Prince de Condé, engaged in battle at Gap and massacred more than one hundred Catholics whom they trapped inside the city. They then retired to Veynes and Die, leaving what was left of Gap to the Catholics. But in September 1576 another Protestant force, led by the Duc de Lesdiguières, having been refused entry into Gap, on the night of 2/3 January 1577 were admitted to the city by Protestants living in Gap, seized and sacked the city. The bishop, Paparin de Chaumont, fled. The episcopal palace, the residence of the canons, the cathedral, and six religious establishments were damaged or destroyed. They held the city until 1581. In September, Bishop Paparin de Chaumont was able to return, under the protection of the Duc de Mayenne and the forces of the Catholic League.[15]

French revolution

In 1790 the National Constituent Assembly decided to bring the French church under the control of the State. Civil government of the provinces was to be reorganized into new units called 'départements', originally intended to be 83 or 84 in number. The dioceses of the Roman Catholic Church were to be reduced in number, to coincide as much as possible with the new departments. Since there were more than 130 bishoprics at the time of the Revolution, more than fifty dioceses needed to be suppressed and their territories consolidated.[16] Clergy would need to take an oath of allegiance to the State and its Constitution, specified by the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, and they would become salaried officials of the State. Both bishops and priests would be elected by special 'electors' in each department. This meant schism, since bishops would no longer need to be approved (preconised) by the Papacy; the transfer of bishops, likewise, which had formerly been the exclusive prerogative of the pope in canon law, would be the privilege of the State; the election of bishops no longer lay with the Cathedral Chapters (which were all abolished), or other responsible clergy, or the Pope, but with electors who did not even have to be Catholics or Christians.[17] All monasteries, convents and religious orders in France were dissolved, and their members were released from their vows by order of the National Constituent Assembly (which was uncanonical); their property was confiscated "for the public good", and sold to pay the bills of the French government.[18] Cathedral Chapters were also dissolved.[19]

The diocese of Gap and the diocese of Embrun were suppressed by the Legislative Assembly, and the territories combined into a new diocese, Hautes-Alpes, with its seat at Gap. A new bishop, to replace Bishop La Broue de Vareilles, whose seat was declared vacant since he had refused to take the oath to the Civil Constitution, was to be elected. Ignace de Cazeneuve, a Canon of the Cathedral Chapter of Gap, was elected by special Electors in March 1791, and was consecrated in Paris on 3 April by Constitutional Bishop Jean-Baptiste Gobel. He ceased functioning after 1793, and resigned on 1 June 1798. Fr. André Garnier was named bishop in succession to Cazeneuve by the Metropolitan, Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Aubert, and was consecrated in Aix on 19 January 1800. He resigned in 1801.

In 1799, Pope Pius VI, made a prisoner by order of the Directory, was being transported from Florence to Valence, he passed through Gap on 29 June and bestowed his blessing on the crowds which had gathered to see him. He spent the night in Gap, and received some of the local notables. The Pope died in prison in Valence on 29 August 1799.[20]

The diocese of Gap and the diocese of Embrun were legally suppressed by the Concordat of 1801 between First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII. In the Bull Qui Christi Domini of 29 November 1801,[21] the departments of Hautes-Alpes and of Basses-Alpes were united in a single diocese with its seat at Digne.[22] Other territories were reassigned to the restored Diocese of Avignon, Diocese of Grenoble and Diocese of Valence.[23]

The diocese of Gap was re-established at least in theory by the Concordat of 1817 between King Louis XVIII and Pope Pius VII, but its implementation was delayed by the refusal of the Chamber of Deputies to ratify the treaty. There was no diocese of Gap between 1801 and 1822. The diocese was actually restored on 6 (or 10) October 1822, comprising, besides the ancient diocese of Gap, a large part of the ancient Archdiocese of Embrun.[24] The diocese of Gap was made a suffragan of the archdiocese of Aix. The name of the Metropolitan see of Embrun had been absorbed in the title of the Archbishop of Aix-en-Provence and Arles until 2007. In 2008, the title was reattached to the Diocese of Gap by a decision of the Congregation of Bishops, conveyed in a letter of Cardinal Giovanni Battista Ré, the Prefect.[25] The diocese was divided into two Archdeaconries: Saint-Arnoux and Notre-Dame-d'Embrun. The Major Seminary was at Gap, and the Minor Seminary at Embrun.[26] In 2017, there is no longer a diocesan seminary; students for the priesthood are sent to the Diocesan Seminary of Saint-Luc d'Aix en Provence.[27]

In 1947 it gained territory from Metropolitan Archdiocese of Torino (Turin, in Piemonte, Italy).

Cathedral and Chapter

The Cathedral of the Assumption of Notre-Dame was served by a chapter composed of four dignities (dignités; not dignitaries): the dean, the archdeacon, the provost, and the sacristan. There were in addition nine canons (one of whom was called the Canon Theological and another Capiscol.[28] Gap was unique among the churches of Province, in that its Cathedral Chapter was not headed by its provost, but by its dean.[29] In 2017, there was a Dean and ten Canons.

Bishops

to 1000
[Saint Demetrius (end of 1st century)][30]
Saint Tigrides (4th century ?)[31]
Saint Remedius (394–419)[32]
[Saint Constantinus (439)][33]

1000 to 1300
  • Féraud (1010–1040)[45]
  • Rodolphe (1044–1050)
  • Ripert (1053–1060)
  • Arnulphus (Arnoux) (c. 1065 – 1070s)[46]
  • Laugier I (1079–1081)
  • Odilon (1085?)
  • Isoard (1090?–1105)
  • Laugier II (1106–1122)
  • Pierre Grafinel (1122–1130)
  • Guillaume I (1131–1149)
  • Raimond (1150–1156)
  • Grégoire (1157–1180)
  • Guillaume II (1180–1188)
  • Frédéric (c. 1188–c. 1198)[47]
  • Guillaume de Gières (c. 1199–1211)[48]
  • Hugues (II) (c.1215 – 1217)[49]
  • Guigo (1217–1219)[50]
  • Guillaume d'Esclapon (1219–1235), abbé de Lérins[51]
  • Robert, O.P. (1235–1251)[52]
  • Othon de Grasse (1251–1281)[53]
  • Raimond de Mévouillon (1282–1289)[54]
  • Geofroi de Lincel (1289–1315)[55]

1300 to 1600
  • Olivier de Laye (1315–1316)[56]
  • Bertrand de Lincel (1316–1318)[57]
  • Guillaume d'Étienne (1318–1328)[58]
  • Dragonnet de Montauban (1328–1349)[59]
  • Henri de Poitiers (1349–1353)[60]
  • Gilbert de Mendegaches (1353–1357)[61]
  • Jacques de Deaux (1357–1362)[62]
  • Guillaume Fournier (1362–1366)[63]
  • Jacques Artaud (1366–1399)[64]
Raimond de Bar (1399–1404)[65]
  • Jean des Saints (1404 – 20 August 1409)[66]
  • Antoine Juvénis (1409–1409?1411)[67]
  • Alessio di Siregno, O.F.M. (20 August 1409 – 27 August 1411[68]
  • Laugier Sapor (1411–1429)[69]
  • Guillaume de Forestier (11 February 1429 – 1442)[70]
  • Gaucher de Forcalquier (17 December 1442 – 5 April 1484)[71]
  • Gabriel de Sclafanatis (1484–1526)[72]
  • Gabriel de Clermont (1526–1571)[73]
  • Pierre Paparin (1572–1600)[74]

1600 to 1800
  • Charles-Salomon du Serre (1600–1637)[75]
  • Arthur de Lionne (1639–1662)[76]
  • Pierre Marion (1662–1675)[77]
  • Guillaume de Meschatin (1677–1679)[78]
  • Victor-Augustin de Méliand (27 May 1680 – 27 June 1684)[79]
  • Charles-Béningne Hervé (1692–1705)[80]
  • François Berger de Malissoles (3 April 1706 – death 21 September 1738)[81]
  • Claude de Cabanes (22 June 1739 – death 10 September 1741)[82]
  • Jacques-Marie de Caritat de Condorcet (20 December 1741 – 16 December 1754)[83]
  • Pierre-Annet de Pérouse (1754–1763)[84]
  • François de Narbonne-Lara (20 February 1764 – 18 April 1774)[85]
  • François-Gaspard de Jouffroy de Gonsans (28 February 1774 – 1 June 1778)[86]
  • Jean-Baptiste-Marie de Maillé de la Tour-Landry (30 March 1778 – 25 June 1784)[87]
  • François de La Broue de Vareilles (25 June 1784 – 1815)[88]
  • Constitutional bishops:
    • Ignace de Cazeneuve[89]
    • André Garnier[90]

since 1801
Nominated by the King:
Toussaint-Alphonse-Marie de Sinéty[91]
Louis de Villeneuve-Bargemont[92]
  • François-Antoine Arbaud (16 May 1823 – 27 March 1836)[93]
  • Nicolas-Augustin de la Croix d'Azolette (19 May 1837 – 27 April 1840)[94]
  • Louis Rossat (14 December 1840 – 17 June 1844)[95]
  • Jean-Irénée Depéry (17 June 1844 – death 9 December 1861)[96]
  • Victor-Félix Bernadou (7 April 1862 – 12 July 1867)[97]
  • Aimé-Victor-François Guilbert (20 September 1867 – 2 September 1879)[98]
  • Marie-Ludovic Roche (22 September 1879 – death 6 October 1880)[99]
  • Jean-Baptiste-Marie-Simon Jacquenet (13 May 1881 – 27 May 1884)[100]
  • Louis-Joseph-Jean-Baptiste-Léon Gouzot (27 March 1884 – 26 May 1887)[101]
  • Jean-Alphonse Blanchet (26 May 1887 – death 18 May 1888)[102]
  • Prosper Amable Berthet (27 May 1889 – death 25 October 1914)[103]
  • Gabriel-Roch de Llobet (22 January 1915 – 16 January 1925)[104]
  • Jules-Géraud Saliège (29 October 1925 – 17 December 1928)[105]
  • Camille Pic (17 December 1928 – 16 August 1932)[106]
  • Auguste-Callixte-Jean Bonnabel (16 August 1932 – retired 13 February 1961)[107]
  • Georges Jacquot (13 February 1961 – 1 November 1966)[108]
  • Robert-Joseph Coffy (11 February 1967 – 15 June 1974)[109]
  • Pierre-Bertrand Chagué (18 January 1975 – death 1 October 1980)[110]
  • Raymond-Gaston-Jo. Séguy (14 October 1981 – 31 July 1987)[111]
  • Georges Lagrange 1988–2003, resigned in 2003
  • Jean-Michel di Falco Léandri (18 November 2003 – 8 April 2017)[112]
  • Xavier Malle (8 April 2017 – ...)[113]

See also

References
  1. "Diocese of Gap" GCatholic.org. Gabriel Chow. Retrieved 10 April 2017
  2. Guide diocesain 2016, p. 63; retrieved: 2017-07-23.
  3. A Demetrius is named in the third letter of John (3 John 12). He is first called a martyr in 1393: Albanés, pp. 439–440.
  4. Acta Sanctorum,October, Tomus XI, pp. 795–799.
  5. Quamobrem nil ego video in pristina Vapicensi de S. Demetrio traditione quod fidem superet (p. 798D). De Buck's remark, however, is the conclusion of an argument more than two columns long which seeks to demonstrate that a Roman road passed through Gap and that Gap existed as a civitas. His remark does not address the historicity of Demetrius, only the plausibility that Christianity could have reached Gap in the first century. In fact, he quotes the liturgical biography of Demetrius from the mid-nineteenth century (p. 796E), which states, Sanctum praesulem apostolorum Domini fuisse discipulum non constat quidem monumentis historicis, sed antiquissima est ecclesiae Vapicensis traditio. ('That the holy bishop was a disciple of the apostles of the Lord is not evident in fact from historical materials, but is an ancient tradition of the Church of Gap'). Goyau has deliberately or carelessly misrepresented De Buck's position. De Buck's elaborate argument, however, is inadvertently destroyed by Albanés' observations (pp. 433–434).
  6. Albanés' editor, Ulisse Chevalier, remarks about Albanés in his introduction to Gallia christiana novissima: "Le public attendait avec impatience la mise en oeuvre des arguments que M. Albanés tenait pour irréfragables en faveur de l'apostolicité des églises de Provence. Quelle opinion qu'on ait à cet égard, on regrettera toujours que le représentant le plus autorisé de l'école dite légeendaire n'ait pas eu le temps de résumer des idées qui avaient mis un demi-siècle à s'elaborer dans son esprit."
  7. Roman (1870), pp. 11–12.
  8. Duchesne, p. 101-102, note 2, and he is never named as Bishop of Gap.
  9. Albanés, p. 457, on the authority of Benedictines of Saint-Maur (1735). Histoire litteraire de la France,3: ou lé on traite de l'origine et du progrés, de la decadence et du retablinement des Sciences parmi les Gaulois et parmi les François... (in French). Tome III. Paris: Chez Osmont. p. 547. Albanés says, "Il prit un soin particulier pour instruire la jeunesse, et l'école de Gap à la fin du Ve siècle est célèbre dans l'histoire. This is a piece of grotesque exaggeration of his source.
  10. J.-D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, edito novissima, Tomus XVIII (Venice: Antonius Zatta 1773), pp. 95–96.
  11. Denis de Sainte-Marthe (1725). Gallia Christiana: In Provincias Ecclesiasticas Distributa (in Latin). Tomus tertius (3). Paris: Typographia Regia. pp. Instrumenta, p. 177.
  12. Fisquet, p. 4.
  13. Denis de Sainte-Marthe (OSB) (1715). Gallia Christiana, In Provincias Ecclesiasticas Distributa (in Latin). Tomus primus. Paris: Johannes-Baptista Coignard. pp. Instrumenta, pp. 86–87.
  14. Fisquet, p. 3.
  15. Fisquet, pp. 6–10.
  16. Louis Marie Prudhomme (1793). La République française en quatre-vingt-quatre départements, dictionnaire géographique et méthodique (in French). Paris: Chez l'éditeur, rue des Marais. pp. 7–11.
  17. Ludovic Sciout (1872). Historie de la constitution civile du clergé (1790-1801) ... (in French). Tome I. Paris: Firmin Didot frères, fils et cie. pp. 204–208.
  18. Pierre Brizon (1904). L'église et la révolution française des Cahiers de 1789 au Concordat (in French). Paris: Pages libres. pp. 27–30.
  19. Philippe Bourdin, "Collégiales et chapitres cathédraux au crible de l'opinion et de la Révolution," Annales historiques de la Révolution française no. 331 (janvier/mars 2003), 29-55, at 29-30, 52-53.
  20. Fisquet, pp. 14–15.
  21. Bull Qui Christi Domini, in Bullarii romani continuatio, Vol. XI, Rome 1845, pp. 245–249
  22. P. Guillaume, in: L'épiscopat français..., pp. 250–251.
  23. Fisquet, p. 17.
  24. Fisquet, p. 18. Goyau, Pierre-Louis-Théophile-Georges (1909). "Diocese of Gap" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company. p. 378.
  25. Letter of Cardinal Ré on the Diocese of Gap website
  26. Fisquet, p. 18.
  27. Guide diocesain 2016, p. 38; retrieved: 2017-07-23.
  28. Fisquet,, pp. 15–16.
  29. Albanés, pp. 545–546.
  30. Albanés, pp. 445–448. Duchesne, p. 286 note 6, points out that there is no documentary evidence. Demetrius of Gap had the same feast day, 26 October, as Demetrius of Thessalonike, leading both De Buck (p. 795B) and Duchesne to suspect conflation or borrowing.
  31. Albanés, pp. 448–449. The deposition of bishops Teridius and Remedius of Vapingo on 3 February is noted in the Martyrologicum Hieronymianum p. 17 (ed. De Rossi and Duchesne) in: Acta Sanctorum Novembris Tomi II pars prior (Bruxelles 1894), p. 17. There is no other evidence for Teredius (or Tigrides).
  32. Albanés, pp. 449–451.
  33. Duchesne, pp. 286–287 note 6, indicates that Constantinus is a composite character, made up of Constantius, his alleged successor, and Constantianus, Bishop of Carpentras. Constantinus of Carpentras attended the Council of Orange in 441: Carolus Munier, Concilia Galliae, A. 314 – A. 506 (Turnholt: Brepols 1963), p. 87.
  34. Constantius was present at the Council of Epaona in 517. Carolus De Clercq, Concilia Galliae, A. 511 – A. 695 (Turnholt: Brepols 1963), p. 36. Albanés, pp. 452–453.
  35. Bishop Vellesius was present at the Council of Orange in October 549 (De Clercq, p. 159), the Council of Paris in 552 (De Clercq, p. 168), and was represented by the priest Honoratus at the Council of Arles in 554 (De Clercq, p. 173). Albanés, pp. 453–454. Duchesne, p. 287 no. 2.
  36. Sagittarius, Bishop of Gap, was the brother of Salonius, who was bishop of Embrun. Both had been raised in Lyon under the care of Nicetius of Lyon. After taking control of their dioceses, the two brothers turned to brigandage and other crimes. Complaints were levelled against Bishop Sagittarius at the Council of Lyon in 566 (Fisquet, p. 31) or 570 (Duchesne), and he and his brother were deposed; they appealed to Pope John III, who ordered them to be restored. They were also subjects of discussion at the Council of and Paris (573). He was deposed again at the Council of Chalon-sur-Saône in 579 on charges of adultery and homicide. Having escaped, he was killed fighting during the Siege of Comminges in 585. Gregory of Tours, Historia Francorum Book IV, 42, Book V, chapters 20 and 27, Book VII, chapter 28, 34–39. Fisquet, pp. 31–33. Albanés, pp. 454–456. Duchesne, p. 287 no. 3. De Clercq, p. 200, 219.
  37. Bishop Aredius was present at the Council of Valence (583/585), and the Council of Mâcon (October 585). He was sent a letter by Pope Gregory I in June 601 (Arigio episcopo Galliarum), requesting aid for the mission of Augustine to England. P. Jaffé and S. Loewenfeld, Regesta pontificum Romanorum Tomus I, editio altera (Leipzig: Veit 1885), p. 206 no. 1832. Albanés, pp. 456–458. Duchesne, p. 287 no. 4. De Clercq, pp. 236, 249. A Vita S. Arigii vel Aredii survives, in: Acta Sanctorum Maii Tomus I (Antwerp 1680), pp. 107–111.
  38. Bishop Valatonius had previously been Archdeacon of Gap. He is mentioned in the Life of Aredius as his successor. He participated in the Council of Paris in 614. Albanés, pp. 458–459. Duchesne, p. 287 no. 5. De Clercq, p. 281.
  39. Bishop Potentissimus was present at the Council of Chalon-sur-Saône in a year between 647 and 653. Albanés, pp. 459–460. Duchesne, p. 287 no. 6. De Clercq, pp. 302, 309.
  40. Symphorianus was no longer alive in 739, when his nephew Abbo wrote his Last Will and Testament. That is the sole reference to the bishop, who (the Testament recalls) was driven from his bishopric by evil men. Albanés, p. 460.
  41. Bishop Donadeus is known only from a signature to the documents of the so-called False Synod of Narbonne of 27 June 788. Albanés, p. 461.
  42. Bishop Birico was present at the Council of Pontigny in 876. He was also at the Assembly of Mantaille in 879. Jacques Sirmond (1629). Concilia antiqua Galliae (in Latin). Tomus III. Paris: Sebastien Cramoisy. pp. 443, 497. Albanés, pp. 461–462. Duchesne, p. 287, no. 9.
  43. Living during the Saracen occupation, he was forced to seek refuge at Apt. Albanés, p. 462.
  44. Hugo (or Hugues) is attested in a charter of confirmation of Ile-Barbe on 20 August 971. In a Bull of 15 May 1105, Pope Paschal II mentions a donation made by Hugo to the Abbey of Saint-André-de-Rosans, which had been founded in 988, indicating that he was still bishop after 988. Albanés, pp. 463–464.
  45. He is also called Féraud de Domene, and Féraud de Nice. His stepmother was the widow of Miron de Nice, and he had seven brothers. On 15 October 1040, he took part, with Pope Benedict IX in the consecration of the church of Saint-Victor in Marseille. Albanés, pp. 464–466.
  46. Arnulphus (Arnoux)took the Benedictine habit at the monstery of S. Trinité de Vendôme. In 1063 he accompanied his Abbot, Oderic, to Rome to obtain protection against Foulques, Count of Vendôme. On 8 May 1063 Pope Alexander II issued a bull of patronage and protection. He repaired the cathedral of Gap. He died on 19 September, either in 1070 or 1074 (Fisquet), or as late as 1079 (a conjecture of Albanés, relying on a statement that Arnulphus had a reign of ten or fifteen years). Fisquet, pp. 46–51. Albanés, pp. 469–471.
  47. Frederick: Albanés, p. 482. The Guide diocesain 2016, p. 54, assigns the years 1198–1199; retrieved: 2017-07-23.
  48. Guillaume de Gières: Eubel, I, p. 514.
  49. Hugo was transferred to the diocese of Arles (France) after 10 February 1217 He died on 29 August 1217. Albanés, pp. 484–485. Eubel, I, pp. 103 with note 1; 514.
  50. Guigo, Fr. Guiges: Albanés, p. 485. Eubel, I, p. 514.
  51. Guillaume: Eubel, I, p. 514.
  52. Bishop Robert: Fisquet, pp. 61–62. Albanés, pp. 487–488. Eubel, I, p. 514.
  53. Otho: Eubel, I, p. 514.
  54. Raimond: Eubel, I, p. 514.
  55. Geofroi: Eubel, I, p. 514.
  56. Olivier de Laye: Albanés, pp. 493–494. Eubel, I, p. 514.
  57. Bertrand de Lincel was nephew of Bishop Geofroi de Lincel. Albanés, pp. 494–495. Eubel, I, p. 514.
  58. Guillaume d'Étienne: Albanés, pp. 495–497. Eubel, I, p. 514.
  59. Dragonnet de Montauban: Albanés, pp. 497–498. Eubel, I, p. 514.
  60. Henri de Poitiers was transferred to the Diocese of Troyes on 13 March 1353 by Pope Innocent VI. He died on 25 August 1370. Albanés, pp. 497–498. Eubel, I, p. 494, 514.
  61. Gilbert had previously been bishop of Saint-Pons-de-Thomières (1348–1353). He was transferred to the diocese of Gap on 30 January 1353 by Pope Innocent VI. He was transferred from Gap to Lodève by Pope Innocent on 21 August 1357. He died on 21 July 1361. Fisquet, p. 86. Albanés, pp. 500–501. Eubel, pp. 310, 406, 514.
  62. Jacques was a nephew of Cardinal Bertrand de Déaulx. He was previously bishop of Montauban (1355–1357). He was transferred to the diocese of Gap on 21 August 1357 by {Pope Innocent VI]]. He was subsequently transferred to the diocese of Nîmes on 6 April 1362, to replace his cousin, Jean de Blauzac, who had been named a cardinal. He died in 1362, on 22 July according to Fisquet. Fisquet, pp. 86–87. Albanés, pp. 501–502. Eubel, I, pp. 347, 361, 514.
  63. In May 1364, Bishop Guillaume was ordered by Pope Urban V to procure the release of three persons from England who had been kidnapped in his diocese. W.H. Bliss; J.A. Twemlow (1902). Calendar of Entries in the Papal Register Relating to Great Britain and Ireland. Papal Letters, Volume IV. London: H.M Stationery Office. pp. 9–10.
  64. previously Bishop of Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux (France) (1364 – 1367)
  65. Raimond de Bar, Dean of the Cathedral Chapter of Gap, was elected and consecrated (by the Metropolitan of Aix) without confirmation or permission of Benedict XIII, who refused to recognize him. He took his oath, having already been consecrated, to Louis Count of Provence on 14 October 1399. Raimundus was given the diocese of Montauban on 17 December 1404 by Benedict XIII. Albanés, pp. 505–506. Eubel, I, pp. 347 with note 9; 514 with note 2.
  66. Jean des Saintes was appointed by Benedict XIII (Avignon Obedience). He was transferred to the diocese of Meaux on 20 August 1409. He died on 20 September 1418.
  67. Upon the transfer of Jean des Saints to Meaux by Pope Alexander V, the vacant diocese was given by Alexander V to Alexis de Siregno. Benedict XIII, however, appointed Antoine Juvénis. He was said to have been consecrated at Apt in 1410, to have taken his oath in Chapter on 21 September 1410, and to have died in 1411. These details are based on assertions of local historians, and on a document no longer extant. Albanés, pp. 507–508.
  68. Alessio was appointed by Benedict XIII (Avignon Obedience. He was previously Bishop of Bobbio (Italy) (1405.09.26 – 1409.08.20); later Bishop of Piacenza (Italy) (1411.08.27 – death 1447.01.01)
  69. Leodegarius Sapor had been Dean of the Collegiate Church of S. Peter de Claromeo (diocese of Condom). He was appointed by John XXIII on 27 August 1411. He became Chancellor of the County of Provence during the regency of Queen Yolande. He was arrested and imprisoned (1426–1429), however, by the young Louis III. He was transferred by Pope Martin V to the diocese of Maguelonne. He was dead before 27 June 1431. Albanés, pp. 510–511. Eubel, I, pp. 320, 514 with note 5.
  70. Guillaume had previously, from 1411, been Abbot of the Benedictine monastery of Saint-Corneille and Saint-Cyprien at Compiègne (diocese of Soissons). He participated in the coronation of the Emperor Sigismund at Aix-la-Chapelle in 1414 (Fisquet, p. 100). By appointment of Pope Martin V, on 3 December 1423, he became Bishop of Maguelonne (1423 – 1429), where he made his solemn entry in December 1424 (Fisquet, p. 100). He was transferred to the diocese of Gap by Martin V on 11 February 1429. He took possession on 23 April 1430. In 1441 there were demonstrations in Gap against the Official of the Bishop, because of his extravagance and his sowing of differences between the bishop and his people (Fisquet, p. 101). Bishop Guillaume de Forestier died in August 1442. Fisquet, pp. 100–101. Albanés, pp. 511–512. Eubel, I, 323, 514; II, p. 262.
  71. Gaucher was the second son of Raimond, Baron de Céreste, and Angelique de Brancas, sister of Cardinal Pietro de Brancas, Archbishop of Cosenza and then Suburbicarian Bishop of Albano, who procured the post of Canon of Aix for his nephew. Gaucher was previously Provost of the Cathedral Chapter of Marseille (1436). He was Archdeacon of Fréjus, though he never visited the diocese, and Canon and Precentor of Riez. He held many other benefices besides, nine of which are named by Albanés. He was named Bishop of Sisteron by Pope Eugene IV (1440 – 1442). He died on 5 April 1484 (Fisquet), or 6 October 1484 (Albanés). Fisquet, pp. 101–106. Albanés, pp. 512–514. Eubel, II, p. 262.
  72. The Seneschal of Provence, Aimar de Poitiers, pressured the Canons of Gap to elect his illegitimate brother, Thibaud de la Tour, to the bishopric. Pope Innocent VIII, however, nominated the nephew of Cardinal Giovanni de Sclafanatis of Milan, who was a Canon of St. Peter's Basilica, on 13 October 1484. Thibaud was consoled with the bishopric of Sisteron. Sclafanatis died on 11 November 1526. Albanés, pp. 515–516. Eubel, II, p. 262.
  73. Clermont was appointed bishop of Gap at the age of 22, and was granted his bulls as Administrator of Gap until the age of 27 on 18 February 1527. His father was the Vicomte de Talland. He apostasized, and when the Huguenots were driven from Gap, he followed them to Zurich in Switzerland. He returned to France, to Celles in Berry, and attempted to sell his bishopric to Étienne Stephani, Canon of Aix, but Pope Pius V refused to countenance the attempted transaction. On 2 July 1571 King Charles IX agreed to turn over to Clermont the revenues of his diocese, on the condition that he resign within three months. On 11 November 1571 the apostate and simoniac bishop resigned. Albanés, pp. 516–517.
  74. Pierre Paparin, a former soldier, was named Bishop of Gap on 13 August 1572. He died on 1 August 1600. Albanés, pp. 517–519.
  75. Du Serre was nominated by King Henri IV, and preconised in Consistory by Pope Clement VIII on 30 August 1600. He died on 16 May 1637. Albanés, pp. 519–521. Gauchat, IV, p. 358 with note 2.
  76. Arthur de Lionne was the father of Hugues de Lionne, the Minister of State of Louis XIV; Arthur had been married, and when his wife died, he entered the clerical profession. He was a Canon of the Cathedral Chapter of Grenoble, and was a Councilor of Queen Anne. He was nominated bishop of Gap by King Louis XIII, and confirmed (preconised) in Consistory by Pope Urban VIII on 11 April 1639. Through his son's efforts he was offered the bishopric of Embrun, and then Bayeux, both of which he declined. He resigned in 1662, and died in Paris on 18 May 1663 at the age of 80. Ulisse Chevalier (1877). Lettres inédites de Hugues de Lionne: ministre des affaires étrangères sous Louis XIV, précédées d'une notice historique sur la famille de Lionne (in French). Valence: Chenevier. pp. 25, 139–140, 194–195. Albanés, pp. 521–522. Gauchat, Hierarchia catholica IV, p. 358 with note 3.
  77. A native of Paris, Marion, who was Abbot of Saint-Paul (Sens), was nominated by Louis XIV in 1661, and preconised (approved) by Pope Alexander VII on 26 June 1662. He was consecrated on 8 October 1662 by the Bishop of Rodez, Hardouin de Péréfixe de Beaumont, who was Archbishop-elect of Paris, assisted by the bishops of Chalon and Lombez. He made his solemn entry into Gap on 8 September 1663. He died in Gap on 25 August 1675. Fisquet, pp. 127–129. Albanés, pp. 522–523.
  78. Guillaume de Meschatin was nominated by King Louis XIV on 17 September 1675, and approved by Pope Innocent XI on 24 May 1677 (Fisquet, p. 129, gives the date of 22 June 1676); in the interval between nomination and approval, Pope Clement X had died on 22 July 1676, and Innocent XI been elected in Conclave. Meschatin died on 2 February 1679. Fisquet, p. 129. Albanés, pp. 523–524. Ritzler-Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica V, p. 404 with note 2.
  79. Meliand, son of Blaise de Meliand, Procurator General of the Parliament of Paris and French Ambassador to Switzerland, was Almoner to the Queen Mother. He was nominated Bishop of Gap by Louis XIV on 21 July 1679, and preconised (approved) on 25 September 1679 by Pope Innocent XI at the special request of the Cardinal de Bouillon, but his bulls were not issued until 27 May 1680. He was consecrated in July 1680, though he did not arrive in Gap until 15 December (Albanés) or some days after Christmas (Fisquet). He was nominated to the diocese of Alet by Louis XIV on 27 June 1684, but Pope Innocent, because of the behavior of the Assembly of the Clergy of 1682 and its Four Gallican Articles, he did not receive his bulls, either from Innocent XI or his successor Alexander VIII. He was finally transferred to the diocese of Alet on 7 July 1692 by Pope Innocent XII; he resigned in 1698 due to 'bad health', and died in Paris on 23 September 1713. Fisquet, p. 129–131. Albanés, p. 524. Ritzler-Sefrin, V, pp. 193 with note 4; 404 with note 3.
  80. Hervé: Fisquet, p. 132–134. Albanés, p. 524-526. Ritzler-Sefrin, V, p. 404 with note 4.
  81. Berger de Malissoles was Dean of the Cathedral of Die and Vicar General. He was nominated bishop of Gap by King Louis XIV on 3 April 1706, and preconised (approved) by Pope Clement XI on 15 November 1706. His consecration took place on 2 January 1707 in Vienne, presided over by Archbishop Armand de Montmorin de Saint-Hérem. In 1725 he was offered the diocese of Grenoble, but he declined. In August 1727 he took part in the Council of Embrun, presided over by Archbishop Pierre Guérin de Tencin. He died on 21 September 1738. Fisquet, p. 134–137. Albanés, p. 526-527. Ritzler-Sefrin, V, p. 404 with note 5.
  82. Cabanes was a doctor of theology (Aix). While serving as Vicar General of Aix, he was nominated by King Louis XV as bishop of Gap on 28 October 1738, and preconised (approved) by Pope Benedict XIII on 22 June 1739. Fisquet, pp. 137–139. Ritzler-Sefrin, VI, p. 431 with note 2.
  83. Jacques-Marie was a nephew of Jean d'Yse de Saléon, Bishop of Rodez (1735–1746) and Archbishop of Vienne (1746–1751), whose Vicar General he was both at Agen and Rodez. He was an uncle of Nicolas, Marquis de Condorcet. As Bishop of Gap, he was a strong defender of the Bull Unigenitus. He was later Bishop of Auxerre (16 December 1754 – 16 February 1761), and then Bishop of Lisieux (France) (1 January 1761, preconised 16 February 1761 – 21 September 1783). Fisquet, pp. 139–143. Jean, p. 31. Ritzler-Sefrin, VI, p. 431 with note 3.
  84. Pérouse was the nephew of Bishop François de Malissoles. Ritzler-Sefrin, VI, p. 431 with note 2.
  85. Narbonne-Lara was the Vicar General of the Bishop of Agen when he was nominated Bishop of Gap by King Louis XV on 30 October 1763. He was approved (preconised) in Consistory on 20 February 1764 by Pope Clement XIII, and consecrated on 25 March by the Archbishop of Reims, Charles de la Roche-Aymon. Narbonne-Lara was named Bishop of Évreux (France) on 18 April 1774. He died in exile in Rome on 12 November 1792. Jean, pp. 32, 355. Ritzler-Sefrin, VI, pp. 204 with note 6; 431 with note 5.
  86. Jouffroy de Gonsans had been Vicar General of Évreux for fourteen years, when he was nominated Bishop of Gap by King Louis XV on 15 December 1773. He was preconised (approved) by Pope Clement XIV on 28 February 1774. He was consecrated a bishop by the Bishop of Evreux, François de Narbonne-Lara, on 20 March 1774. He was transferred to the diocese of Le Mans by Pope Pius VI on 1 June 1778. He emigrated in 1791 to Holland and then to Münster. He died at Paderborn on 23 January 1799. Jean, pp. 32, 430–431. Ritzler-Sefrin, VI, pp. 159 with note 3; 431 with note 6.
  87. La Tour-Landry nominated to the diocese of Gap by King Louis XVI on 7 December 1777, and preconised (approved) by Pope Pius VI on 30 March 1778. He was transferred by Pope Pius VI to the diocese of Saint-Papoul (nominated by the King on 1 February 1784) on 25 June 1784. On 24 December 1798 he was denounced by Reubell, and deported to the Island of Ré, but he returned to Paris in February 1800. He resigned the diocese of Saint-Papoul before 7 November 1801, at the request of Pope Pius VII. Under the Concordat of 1801, he was appointed Bishop of Rennes (France) on 24 April 1802. He died on 25 November 1804. Jean, pp. 32, 401. Ritzler-Sefrin, VI, pp. 328 with note 5; 431 with note 7.
  88. Vareilles was nominated by the King on 1 February 1784, and preconised (approved) by Pope Pius VI on 25 June 1784. When the diocese of Gap was suppressed by the French National Assembly, he emigrated. He did not resign when requested by the Pope in 1801, but only in 1815, after the fall of the Emperor Napoleon. He was named a Canon of Notre Dame (Paris) in 1825. He died in Poitiers on 25 November 1831 at the age of 97. Jean, pp. 32–33. Ritzler-Sefrin, VI, p. 431 with note 8. Gabriel de Llobet (1925). Le Dernier évêque de Gap avant la Révolution, Mgr de La Broue de Vareilles, conférence donnée à l'Association de l'enseignement libre, le 15 mars 1925 (in French). Gap: L. Jean et Peyrot.
  89. Cazeneuve was born at Gap, and was Canon of the Cathedral of Gap. He was elected bishop of Hautes-Alpes (Métropole des Côtes de la Méditerranée) by the Constitutional Electors in March 1791, and was consecrated in Paris on 3 April by Constitutional Bishop Jean-Baptiste Gobel. He was a member of the National Convention, but did not vote for the execution of the King. He abandoned his ecclesiastical functions in 1793, and refused to take them up again in 1795. He resigned on 1 June 1798.Paul Pisani (1907). Répertoire biographique de l'épiscopat constitutionnel (1791–1802) (in French). Paris: A. Picard et fils. p. 337-338.
  90. Garnier was born in Avançon, and became its Vicar. He was appointed director of the seminary in Embrun by Cazeneuve in 1792, but the seminary was closed in 1793. He was named bishop in succession to Cazeneuve by the Metropolitan, Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Aubert, and was consecrated in Aix on 19 January 1800 at the age of 73. He resigned in 1801 and was pensioned. He died on 17 April 1816. Pisani, pp. 338–339.
  91. Sinéty had been Aumonier of the Comte d'Artois and Vicar General of Metz before the Revolution. On the Restoration, he was appointed Grand Aumonier of the King, a position he declined to leave for the diocese of Gap. Fisquet, p. 164.
  92. Villeneuve-Bargemont had been Grand Vicar of the Bishop of Fréjus and then of the Bishop of Cahors. He was also Provost of Senez. At the Revolution, when he was Administrator of Aix, he was forced to flee to Italy, where he spent ten years. He was serving as a curé at Lorgues when King Louis XVIII nominated him Bishop of Gap on 23 August 1817, but he was ill and refused. He died on 21 March 1818. Fisquet, p. 165.
  93. Arbaud: Fisquet, pp. 166–168.
  94. In 1823 de la Croix was named First Vicar General of the Bishop of Bellay. On 30 November 1836, he was nominated Bishop of Gap by royal ordonnance. He was preconised in the Consistory of 19 May 1837 by Pope Gregory XVI. He was consecrated on 25 July 1837 in the church of Brou at Bourg (diocese of Bellay by Bishop Alexandre-Raimond de Vie. On 4 December 1839 Bishop de la Croix was nominated Metropolitan Archbishop of Auch by King Louis Philippe, and the nomination was approved by Pope Gregory XVI on 27 April 1840. He retired in January 1856, and was named a Canon of Saint-Denis. He died on 6 June 1861. Fisquet, pp. 168–171.
  95. Born in Lyon, Rossat was appointed Honorary Canon of the Cathedral of Lyon; in 1828 he was named titular Canon and Penitentiary of the Cathedral Chapter, and Archpriest of the Cathedral. On 25 June 1840 he was nominated by King Louis Philippe to be bishop of Gap; he was preconised by Pope Gregory XVI on 14 December 1840. He was consecrated bishop on 14 February 1841 in the Cathedral of Lyon by Cardinal Louis-Maurice Bonald. He was nominated Bishop of Verdun by King Louis Philippe on 21 April 1844, and preconised on 17 June 1844. He died on 24 December 1866. Fisquet, pp. 172–175. P. Guillaume, in: L'épiscopat français..., p. 252, 677-678. Albanés, p. 538.
  96. Depéry: Fisquet, pp. 176–192. P. Guillaume, in: L'épiscopat français..., p. 252-253. Albanés, p. 538-540.
  97. Bernadou was subsequently nominated Metropolitan Archbishop of Sens on 16 May 1867 by Napoleon III, and preconised by Pope Pius IX on 12 July 1867. He was created Cardinal-Priest of SS. Trinità al Monte Pincio (17 March 1887 – 15 November 1891) by Pope Leo XIII. He died on 15 November 1891. Fisquet, pp. 193–201. P. Guillaume, in: L'épiscopat français..., p. 254, 589-591. Albanés, p. 540-541.
  98. Guilbert was transferred to the diocese of Amiens on the nomination of the French Government (2 September 1879), which was approved by Pope Leo XIII on 22 September 1879. On 5 June 1883, he was nominated Metropolitan Archbishop of Bordeaux by the French government, and approved on 9 August 1883. Guilbert was created Cardinal-Priest by Pope Leo XIII on 24 May 1889. He died on 16 August 1889. Fisquet, pp. 202–207. P. Guillaume, in: L'épiscopat français..., pp. 254–255, 47–48, 145–146. Albanés, pp. 541–542.
  99. Roche had been a professor at the Sorbonne. He was nominated bishop of Gap on 2 September 1879, and preconised on 22 September by Pope Leo XIII. He was consecrated in Paris at Sainte-Clotilde on 11 November 1879 by Cardinal Joseph-Hippolyte Guibert, Archbishop of Paris. He took possession of his diocese on 11 December. In 1880 he was invited by the Bishop of Orléans to preach an ecclesiastical retreat, where he died of typhoid fever on 6 October 1880. P. Guillaume, in: L'épiscopat français..., p. 255.
  100. Jacquenet was later Bishop of Amiens (France) ([10 November 1883] 27 March 1884 – 1 March 1892) P. Guillaume, in: L'épiscopat français..., p. 255-256. Albanés, p. 543.
  101. Gouzot was later Metropolitan Archbishop of Auch (France) ([16 April 1887] 26 May 1887 – death 20 August 1895) P. Guillaume, in: L'épiscopat français..., p. 256. Albanés, pp. 543–544.
  102. Blanchet: P. Guillaume, in: L'épiscopat français..., pp. 256–257. Albanés, p. 544.
  103. Berthet had been director of the Major Seminary in Gap, then Superior of the Minor Seminary in Embrun, and Curé-Archpriest of Serres. He was nominated bishop of Gap by the French government on 24 April 1889, and preconised on 27 May. He was consecrated bishop in Gap on 1 August by Cardinal Guilbert, Archbishop of Bordeaux, who was a former bishop of Gap. Albanés, pp. 544–546. P. Guillaume, in: L'épiscopat français..., p. 257.
  104. A native of Perpignan De Llobet, studied in Rome at the French Academy. He was named Bishop of Gap in the Consistory of 22 January 1915 by Pope Benedict XV. He was mobilized in World War I, became a military chaplain, and was sent to the front in March 1916; he was awarded the Croix de guerre, and, in 1918, made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor. He was transferred from Gap with the title of Archbishop of Odessus (Bulgaria) on 16 January 1925, in order to become Coadjutor Archbishop of Avignon. He became Archbishop of Avignon on 3 October 1928. He died on 22 April 1957. Gabriel de Llobet (2003). Un évêque aux armées en 1916–1918: lettres et souvenirs de Mgr de Llobet (in French). Presses universitaires de Limoges. ISBN 978-2-84287-282-3.
  105. Bishop Saliège of Gap was transferred to the diocese of Toulouse on 17 December 1928 by Pope Pius XI. He was created Cardinal-Priest of S. Pudenziana by Pope Pius XII on 17 May 1946. He died on 5 November 1956. Jean Guitton (1957). Le Cardinal Saliège (in French). Paris: Grasset.
  106. Pic was transferred to the diocese of Valence on 16 August 1932 by Pope Pius XI. He died on 25 November 1951.
  107. , Bishop emeritus, as Titular Bishop of Zuri (13 February 1961 – death 7 November 1967)
  108. Jacquot had been Titular Bishop of Irenopolis in Cilicia (20 May 1959 – 13 February 1961) and Coadjutor Bishop of Gap; he was later transferred to the diocese of Marseille on 1 November 1966. He died on 25 September 1970.
  109. Coffey was transferred to the archdiocese of Albi by Pope Paul VI (15 June 1974 – 13 April 1985), and then to the archdiocese of Marseille by Pope John Paul II (13 April 1985 – retired 22 April 1995). He was created [[Cardinal-Priest of S. Luigi Maria Grignion de Montfort (28 June 1991 – death 15 July 1995)
  110. Chagué had previously been Titular Bishop of Vico Equense and Auxiliary Bishop of Archdiocese of Lyon (2 July 1969 – 18 January 1975)
  111. Séguy was consecrated a bishop by Roger Bourrat, Bishop of Rodez, on 22 November 1981. He was transferred to the diocese of Autun by Pope John Paul II on 31 July 1987, and retired on 8 April 2006.
  112. Falco Léandri had previously been Auxiliary Bishop of Paris and Vicar General (1997–2003), and before that was Directeur au séminaire français de Rome (1996 – 1997). Eglise catholique en France, Mgr Jean-Michel di Falco Leandri, retrieved: 2017-07-21. (in French)
  113. Bishop Malle was consecrated on 11 June 2017. Diocèse de Gap et d'Embrun, Mgr Xavier Malle, retrieved: 2017-07-21. (in French)

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