Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore

The Royal Mausoleum is a mausoleum for Queen Victoria and her husband Albert, Prince Consort. It is situated in Frogmore Gardens in the Home Park, Windsor. It was listed Grade I on the National Heritage List for England in October 1975.[1] It was built between 1862 and 1871. Albert, who died in 1861 was interred in the mausoleum in 1871 following its completion. Victoria was interred on 5 February 1901 following her death in late January.

Royal Mausoleum
The Royal Mausoleum in 2006
LocationFrogmore, Windsor Home Park, Surrey, England
Coordinates51°28′26″N 0°35′54″W
Built1861 to 1871
ArchitectA. J. Humbert
Architectural style(s)Neoclassical
Governing bodyCrown Estate
Listed Building – Grade I
Official nameRoyal Mausoleum
Designated2 October 1975[1]
Reference no.1117780
Location of Royal Mausoleum in Berkshire

Work commenced in March 1862. The dome was made by October and the building was consecrated in December 1862, although the decoration was not finished until August 1871.

History

Queen Victoria and her husband had long intended to construct a special resting place for them both, instead of the two of them being buried in one of the traditional resting places of British Royalty, such as Westminster Abbey or St. George's Chapel, Windsor. The mausoleum for the Queen's mother was being constructed at Frogmore in 1861 when Prince Albert died in December of the same year. Victoria chose the site of Albert's mausoleum on 18 December 1861, four days after her husband's death and plans were drawn up by Ludwig Gruner and A. J. Humbert, who had previously designed the Duchess of Kent's Mausoleum.[2] Excavation work started on the site of the mausoleum on 27 January 1862, the final plans having been approved by Victoria that day.[2] Victoria had had previous meetings with Humbert and Gruner to finalise and approve their designs.[2]

The foundation stone was laid by Victoria on 15 March 1862. It had been intended by Victoria to lay the stone on the first anniversary of her mother, the Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Duchess of Kent's death, but it was laid the day before the anniversary as it occurred on a Sunday. Victoria was accompanied by many of her children and many members of staff in attendance to the royal household for the ceremony of laying the foundation stone.[3] The total cost of the construction and decoration of the mausoleum was £200,000 (equivalent to £18,127,579 in 2019), and was entirely funded by Victoria and Edward, the Prince of Wales from their private funds.[4][2] Nikolaus Pevsner's Buildings of England series describes the mausoleum as the "finest piece of Victorian funerary architecture in Britain".[5] Though Victoria and Albert are the only interments in the chapel, the mausoleum also contains monuments to Princess Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse-Darmstadt (1843–1878), Victoria's second daughter, who died of diphtheria shortly after her youngest daughter May (1874–1878). In the centre of the chapel is a monument to Edward, Duke of Kent, Victoria's father. He died in 1820 and is buried in St George's Chapel, Windsor.

One of the sculptures is of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert in Saxon Dress, commissioned after Prince Albert's death and executed by William Theed (1804–91). It was unveiled on 20 May 1867 in Windsor Castle, and was moved to the Royal Mausoleum in 1938.[6] The plaster model, which was exhibited in 1868 at the Royal Academy of Arts, is on loan from the Royal Collection to the National Portrait Gallery, London.[7] Victoria wrote in her diary that the idea for it came from Victoria, Princess Royal (her eldest child) and that the inscription on the plinth is a quotation from The Deserted Village by Oliver Goldsmith. The inscription on the plinth alludes to the poet's lament for the passing of the imagined village of 'Sweet Auburn'.[8]

Design
A 2006 view of the Royal Mausoleum with the Royal Burial Ground in the foreground

It was built by the architect A. J. Humbert, based on designs by Professor Ludwig Gruner.[9] The mausoleum is in the form of a Greek cross, to a 70 ft diameter, with a central octagon of 70 ft height. It was designed in the Romanesque style. The mausoleum is built from Portland stone and granite; Australian copper covers the roof.

An inscription in bronze above the door reads:

Alberti Principis quod mortale erat Hoc in Sepulchro deponi voluit Vidua moerens Victoria Regina A.D. MDCCCLXII. Vale Desideratissime! hic demum Conquiescam tecum Tecum in Christo consurgam[10]

Antonio Salviati designed and created the elaborate mosaics in the porch of the mausoleum; at a quoted cost of £480.[2] Salviati created mosaics of differing quality according to their proximity to the intended viewer; the low ceiling of the porch was not properly appreciated by Salviati's craftsmen in Venice, and were dissatisfied with the final result.[2] The dissatisfaction with Salviati's work endangered his proposed designs for the future Albert Memorial, and he offered to rectify the work at his own expense.[2] The interior is richly decorated in the High Renaissance style reminiscent of Raphael, an artist Albert described as "the greatest artist of all time". Gruner was responsible for the decoration of the interior. The walls of the interior are laid with Portuguese red marble, a gift from King Luis I of Portugal, a cousin of both Victoria and Albert, and are inlaid with other marbles from around the world, with a dado of Sienese marble. Three chapels in the mausoleum are decorated with painting depicting the nativity of Jesus in the South chapel, the crucifixion of Jesus in the north chapel; the west chapel is decorated with the Jesus's resurrection. An altar was placed in the North chapel.[2] Paintings of the four evangelists decorate the spandrels of the central octagon. Statues of the four evangelists stand in the niches of the pendatives.[2] Artists involved in the decoration of the interior included the German painters Julius Frank and Pfander, the Italian Nicola Consoni and the German sculptors Heinrich Baumer, Hermann Hultzsch, Gustav Kunz and Friedrich Rentsch.[2] The painting on the entrance transept is the work of Victoria, Princess Royal, Queen Victoria's eldest daughter.[11]

The centrepiece of the mausoleum is the sarcophagus containing the remains of Victoria and Albert. The couple are each depicted in recumbent effigies in marble sculpted by the Italian sculptor Carlo Marochetti. The effigy of Albert was the last work completed before Marochetti's death.[11] Albert is depicted in his Field marshal uniform wearing his Order of the Garter.[12] The effigy of Victoria was completed at the same time, and kept in storage until her death. The sarcophagus is believed to be the largest block of granite in existence. It was mined from the Cairngail quarry in Longside, Aberdeenshire. The block was the fourth block mined; the previous three having been rejected due to flaws.[13] The block of granite measured 10 ft x 8 ft x 4 ft and weighed more than 33 tonnes, but weighed 18 tonnes after being fashioned into a sarcophagus. The lid for the sarcophagus weighed 4.5 to 5 tonnes.[13] The colour of the granite has been variously described as dark grey or blue. The sarcophagus rests on a block of black Belgian marble which had been promised to the Royal family by King Leopold I of Belgium and given to the mausoleum by King Leopold II following his father Leopold's death in 1865.[11] Angels kneeling in prayer stand at each corner of the sarcophagus. The angels were sculpted in bronze by Marochetti and cast by the Parisian foundry of Ferdinand Barbedienne.[11] The angels were removed for the interment ceremony of Victoria.[14]

The latter and wing windows of the Royal mausoleum were originally decorated with patterned glass and the armourial crests of the Saxe-Coburg family. Each window featured an angel playing a musical instrument. The stained glass was renewed under the direction of Edward VII in the early 20th century, the cupola was repainted at the same time.[2]

References
  1. Historic England, "Royal Mausoleum (1117781)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 31 March 2020
  2. Petra Schultheiss (16 July 2018). Like an Ancient Shrine: Mid-19th Century Architectural Theory, the Memorial Mosaics for Prince Albert and the Queen Victoria's Position as Female Sovereign. Georg Olms Verlag. p. 243. ISBN 978-3-487-15540-1.
  3. "The New Royal Mausoleum". The Times. 17 March 1862. p. 12. Retrieved 2 April 2020 – via The Times Digital Archive.
  4. "The Royal Mausoleum At Frogmore". The Times. 14 December 1868. p. 10. Retrieved 4 April 2020 – via The Times Digital Archive.
  5. Geoffrey Tyack; Simon Bradley; Nikolaus Pevsner (25 May 2010). Berkshire. Yale University Press. p. 624.
  6. William Theed. "Queen Victoria and Prince Albert". Royal Collection Trust. Inventory no. 60778.
  7. Darby, Elisabeth; Smith, Nicola (1983). The Cult of the Prince Consort. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 13–14. ISBN 978-0300030150.
  8. Roberts, Jane (March 15, 2011). Frogmore House and The Royal Mausoleum, an illustrated guidebook with details of the history and architecture (revised ed.). Royal Collection Publications. ISBN 978-1902163253.
  9. Helen Rappaport (2003). Queen Victoria: A Biographical Companion. ABC-CLIO. p. 153. ISBN 978-1-85109-355-7.
  10. "The Tomb of the Prince Consort". The Times. 10 February 1865. p. 9. Retrieved 4 April 2020 – via The Times Digital Archive.
  11. "The Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore". The Times. 30 July 1870. p. 12. Retrieved 3 April 2020 – via The Times Digital Archive.
  12. Helen Rappaport (3 November 2011). Magnificent Obsession: Victoria, Albert and the Death That Changed the Monarchy. Random House. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-4090-2213-8.
  13. Jim Fiddes (2 April 2019). The Granite Men: A History of the Granite Industries of Aberdeen and North East Scotland. History Press. ISBN 978-0-7509-9118-6.
  14. "Court Circular: Funeral of the Queen". The Times. 5 February 1901. p. 8. Retrieved 3 April 2020 – via The Times Digital Archive.
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