Rudi Pauwels

Dr. Rudi Pauwels (born 1960) is a Belgian pharmacologist and serial biotech entrepreneur. Throughout his successful career of over 35 years in both academia and the biotech/pharmaceutical industry, he has been driven by his passion to advance healthcare with innovative and integrative approaches for current and future medical needs. Together with multi-disciplinary teams of scientific, technological and clinical experts, he generates solutions for the healthcare market that are benefitting many patients around the world. His track-record demonstrates that his approach also created significant value for all stake- and shareholders.[1]

Rudi Pauwels
A picture of Dr. Rudi Pauwels
Born1960
NationalityBelgian
EducationPh.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences
Alma materKU Leuven
OccupationPharmaceutical scientist and biotech entrepreneur
OrganizationPraesens Foundation, Praesens Care, miDiagnostics, Smile Invest
AwardsPrix Galien MedStartUpAward (2019), Global Technology Pioneer Award (2012), INSEAD Innovator Prize (2002), among others

He studied pharmaceutical sciences at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium. As one of the first researchers in the field of HIV, he played a key role in the fight against the AIDS pandemic by discovering several widely used anti-HIV drugs during his doctorate studies at the Rega Institute (Leuven, Belgium) and while leading biotech companies Tibotec and Virco.[2]

During the past three decades he has (co-)founded several successful biotech companies, marking an era of a more personalized and high precision medicine. His current roles include Founder and President of the Praesens Foundation, Chairman of Praesens Care, Executive Chairman of IMEC/John Hopkins’ spin-off Company miDiagnostics and board positions in various companies and research institutes. He is (co-)author of more than 150 peer-reviewed papers and recipient of numerous awards and distinctions.[3][4]

In 2020 he was appointed as co-chair of the diagnostics pillar of the Access to COVID-19 Tools (ACT)-Accelerator together with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.[5][6]

Education and early research

Rudi Pauwels graduated as a Pharmacist from the KU Leuven, Belgium in 1983.

Within a year after the discovery of HIV, the viral pathogen that causes AIDS, Rudi Pauwels joined the war on this pandemic disease while still a doctorate student. In 1984, in the laboratory of Prof. Erik De Clercq at the Rega Institute (University of Leuven, Belgium), he started to develop the first laboratory models in search of new anti-HIV compounds. The methods he published were widely used by fellow scientists that joined the search for new anti-AIDS (HIV) treatments.[7]

In 1987 he obtained a research fellowship of the Janssen Research Foundation, which started a longstanding collaboration and close friendship with the late Dr. Paul Janssen, founder of Janssen Pharmaceutica (Johnson & Johnson), one of history’s most productive pharma groups. Dr. Janssen became a key mentor and would influence especially his pharmaceutical work. In 1990, the Janssen-funded collaboration of his small team at the Rega Institute would lead to the discovery of the first Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NNRTI). It was also Dr. Paul Janssen who would introduce him to Dr. Paul Stoffels, with whom he would build a long-term, close and successful collaboration at Tibotec, Virco and Johnson & Johnson.[7]

Rudi obtained his Doctorate degree (Ph.D.) in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the KU Leuven in 1990 with greatest distinction (Maxima cum Laude), with De Clercq and Janssen as his promotors. His thesis was entitled “Development of new agents against the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)”.[8]

Career

Tibotec, Virco and Johnson & Johnson

A few years after obtaining his Ph.D. and leading a small group of researchers at the Rega Institute, Dr. Pauwels took the decision to tackle the problem of HIV drug resistance and take his antiviral discovery efforts to the next level. In 1994 he founded the anti-HIV drug discovery company Tibotec together with his wife, pharmacist Carine Claeys.

A year later they founded, together with Dr. Paul Stoffels, the diagnostics company Virco, that would develop revolutionary HIV-treatment diagnostic services that would help physicians select the optimal therapy for their patients (e.g. Antivirogram™).[9]

Tibotec-Virco was acquired by Johnson & Johnson in 2002, after which Dr. Pauwels became Vice-President of Johnson & Johnson’s global anti-infectives drug discovery group during a few years, focusing on HCV and respiratory diseases. Here, he was confronted with the challenge to develop a strategy that integrated drugs and diagnostics for respiratory diseases. In the middle of the SARS crisis in 2003, he started a project to develop an anti-SARS drug discovery system that 17 years later is used as the basis for ongoing efforts to find inhibitors for SARS-Cov-2.[10] This international effort, involving a number of pharmaceutical companies, occurs at the same Rega Institute that continued the work based on his original legacy of large-scale anti-HIV drug screening and recently received funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

The work of Rudi Pauwels and his colleagues resulted in several drugs that were successfully introduced into the clinic and constitute cornerstones for modern antiviral (AIDS) therapies. They include next generation anti-HIV compounds by Tibotec/Johnson & Johnson,  Prezista™, Intelence™ and Edurant™, as well as the direct precursor to Gilead Sciences’ Viread™. These drugs, together with the diagnostic technologies by Virco, have been pivotal to turn AIDS into the chronic, manageable disease it is today, for those who have access to the medicines. The drugs have also generated several billion dollar revenues yearly, providing returns for investors and shareholders and helping to finance the R&D for the treatment of important diseases.[9]

In 1999 Rudi Pauwels was one of the driving forces behind the creation of the Tibotec spin-out Galapagos Genomics (Euronext GLPG), that would combine functional genomic technologies from Tibotec and Crucell, a Dutch-based biotech company. Galapagos Genomics has now become one of Europe’s leading new pharmaceutical companies with an advanced pipeline of new drugs.[11]

Biocartis

In early 2000, it became clear to Dr. Pauwels that the future of medicine was increasingly depending on our molecular insights of disease. New generations of drugs would target the underlying molecular dysfunctional processes of such diseases. It meant that measuring relevant biomarkers in samples of patients would become even more essential. But experiences from the global AIDS crisis and Virco in particular, taught him that the operational model of sending samples from patients to central laboratories was time-consuming and did not come without cost and logistical hurdles. It appeared that his approach did not scale easily around the world. Ideally, the lab functionality needed to come (in miniaturized format) to patients and their direct environment, not the other way around.

Already during his Ph.D. studies, he broadened his interests beyond virology into software programming and robotics. Realizing the need for better, scalable diagnostics at the point of needs, he decided in 2004 to go on a 3-years sabbatical at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology-EPFL in Lausanne (Switzerland), one of the leading research centers in micro- and nano-technology.

In 2007 he created Biocartis, a molecular diagnostics company that would develop and commercialize the Idylla™ platform, a fully integrated and automated sample-to-molecular diagnostic (PCR) result solution. The company grew rapidly and was taken public (Euronext BCART). The company had a very attractive offering in precision diagnostics for cancer therapies, but there was ultimately no broader support for his expansion plans into infectious diseases. After leading the company for a decade, he decided in 2017 to further pursue his interests in infectious diseases.

The Praesens Foundation

During the Ebola outbreak in 2014-2015, and after spending the better part of his life in laboratories, Dr. Rudi Pauwels wanted to observe first-hand how the world was dealing with outbreaks of that scale in the 21st century. He witnessed the best of humanity, but also the gaps and needs for rapid, accurate and easy-to-use diagnostics close to the affected communities.

Inspired by this experience in West Africa, in 2016 he created the Praesens Fund under the Belgian King Baudouin Foundation. The name is related to the Latin word praesens, meaning ‘being here now, making an impact’. With the help of a series of early believers – among which passionate collaborators, sponsors and technology providers – the initial sketch of a first-generation Mobile Lab was soon made a reality.

As the project entered the next stage in 2017, Dr. Rudi Pauwels created the Praesens Foundation, co-directed by Prof. Peter Piot. It is developing, providing and implementing solutions that contribute to better epidemic preparedness, early warning and rapid response for existing and emerging infectious disease threats. In 2017-2018, an initial pilot study led by the Praesens Foundation deployed the first all-terrain Mobile Biosafety Laboratory for infectious disease testing across Senegal. It offers rapid deployment, connectivity and state-of-the-art technology for effective field diagnostics, reducing turn-around time and improving case management. This innovative and scalable solution has great potential to improve epidemic preparedness and contribute to disease intelligence, striving towards a more proactive and holistic approach to healthcare.[12]

The latest initiative of Praesens is Praesens Care, that builds on the continuity of the Praesens Foundation’s innovation. Through this venture it intends to pivot the model to scale up - expanding geographically and functionally - and to ensure long-term sustainability of the value proposition. Driven by the mission to provide the best healthcare services, anywhere, anytime to anyone in the world, Praesens Care is an impact enterprise that offers Lab As A Service (LAAS). Praesens Care offers a fleet of mobile biosafety laboratories (Mobile Labs) in a regional hub approach to countries and partners in need to reinforce their healthcare delivery system, with integrated routine diagnostic services (multi-disease testing and real-time reporting), primary healthcare and community engagement. It offers an outreach capacity to provide medical (e.g. diagnostics, therapies, vaccination) and non-medical (health promotion, social mobilization) services at the peripheral level of the health system, as close as possible to the communities.[13]

miDiagnostics

In 2018 Dr. Pauwels was appointed Executive Chairman of miDiagnostics, a large life science spin-off company of imec and John Hopkins University. Imec is the world’s leading nano-electronics R&D hub with more than 4,000 engineers and scientists headquartered in Leuven, Belgium. Based on nearly a decade of imec research on nano-fluidics and silicon-based nanostructures, miDiagnostics is developing a next generation diagnostic platform with broad in vitro diagnostics (IVD) applications, particular in the point of care area. It is developing a series of new nanofluidic silicon processors that are embedded in test cards – about the size of a credit card – and that are inserted in a compact reader.[14]

Investment experience

In 2007 Rudi Pauwels joined Advent Partners, a venture capital firm in London. He assisted Advent in reviewing investment opportunities and supported several portfolio companies.[15] He was closely involved in the formation of Respivert Ltd., where he acted as Chairman of the board. Respivert was a molecule drug discovery company working towards the identification of new treatments for patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Respivert was acquired by Johnson & Johnson in 2010.[16]

In 2017 he became member of the Investment Committee of Smile Investments, a €350M European growth equity fund.[17]

Other professional roles
  • 2020–present: Co-Chair of the Diagnostics pillar of the Access to COVID-19 Tools (ACT)-Accelerator together with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.[5][6]
  • 2008-2018: Dr. Pauwels was a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of imec in Leuven, Belgium.
  • 2015-2019: member of the Advisory Board of A*STAR’s Accelerate, a division of the Singapore Agency for Science, Technology and Research.
  • 2014-2015: Board Member of MDx Health.
  • 2014-2015: Board Member of MyCartis NV, a spin-out of Biocartis with offices at the EPFL Science Park in Lausanne, Switzerland and the Biotech Industry Park in Ghent, Belgium.
  • 2011-2012: Board Member of Flanders Bio, Belgium.
  • 2009-2013: Member of the Advisory Board of A*STAR Explorative Therapeutics Centre (ETC), Singapore.
  • 1995-2003: Lecturer at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Belgium. Academic appointment – course on Virology/Antiviral drug discovery and development in a post-graduate program on Medical and Pharmaceutical Research.
  • 1999-2002: Member of the Board of Directors of the Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (V.I.B.), Ghent, Belgium. V.I.B. is a research institute with 1,000 employees that conducts strategic basic research in the various life science domains.
  • 1985: Research Project at Smith-Kline RIT (now GSK), Genval, Belgium. Development of a bioassay for Pertussis Toxin using Chinese Hamster Ovary cells, with Dr. J. Pêtre as promoter.

Awards and recognitions
  • 2019: Prix Galien MedStartUp Award for the consortium constituted by the Praesens Foundation, Insitut Pasteur, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, University of Nebraska Medical Center and Twist Bioscience.[18]
  • 2016: “Commandeur in de Leopoldsorde” by King Philippe of Belgium.[19]
  • 2016: Honorary speaker received at the Distinguished Technopreneur Speaker (DTS) Forum in Singapore, for excelling and inspiring in innovative value creation and unleashing the potential of technological innovation.[20][21]
  • 2016: Golden Honorary Award for Research & Development, Flemish Parliament.[22]
  • 2015: First Alumnus of the Year, FarmaLeuven, KU Leuven, Belgium.[23]
  • 2013: Honorary Doctorate Degree, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ghent, Belgium.[24][25]
  • 2013: Officer in the Order of the Crown (Officier in de Kroonorde) by King Albert II of Belgium.[26]
  • 2012: Global Technology Pioneer Award, World Economic Forum (WEF), Davos, Switzerland.[27]
  • 2010: BioAlps Award, Geneva, Switzerland.[28]
  • 2002: INSEAD Innovator Price, Brussels, Belgium.
  • 1998: Deloitte & Touch Finalist of European Small Business Person of the Year Award, Vienna, Austria.
  • 1996: AIDS-Forschungspreis der Deutsche Gesellschaft für Infektiologie e.V. (DGI), Germany.[29]
  • 1991: Price of the Academy of Medicine of Belgium, Vierde Afdeling, Brussels, Belgium.[30]
  • 1988: Prix Franz Leemans, KU Leuven, Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, Belgium.

Selected publications

Rudi Pauwels is (co-)autor of more than 150 papers in peer-reviewed journals.[4] A selected list from his bibliography is shown below by topic.

  • Development of the first anti-HIV drug discovery lab models:
    1. Sensitive and rapid assay on MT-4 cells for detection of antiviral compounds against the AIDS virus.[31]
    2. Rapid and automated tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay for the detection of anti-HIV compounds.[32]
  • First paper on the discovery of the anti-HIV activity of a new class of inhibitors that laid the foundation for the anti-HIV drug portfolio of Gilead Sciences:
    1. Phosphonylmethoxyethyl purine derivatives, a new class of anti-human immunodeficiency virus agents.[33]
  • First papers on the discovery of a new category of inhibitors of HIV:
    1. Potent and selective inhibition of HIV-1 replication in vitro by a novel series of TIBO derivatives.[34]
    2. Potent and highly selective HIV-1 specific inhibition by a new series of α-anilino-phenylacetamide (α-APA) derivatives targeted at HIV-1 RT.[35]
    3. New non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) in development for the treatment of HIV infections.[36]
    4. Discovery of TIBO, a new family of HIV-1 specific reverse transcriptase inhibitors.[37]
  • New diagnostic methods to detect drug resistance in HIV-infected patients:
    1. A rapid method for simultaneous detection of phenotypic resistance to inhibitors of protease and reverse transcriptase in recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates from patients treated with antiretroviral drugs.[38]
  • Description of the now leading HIV protease inhibitor Prezista™:
    1. TMC114, a novel human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor active against protease inhibitor- resistant viruses, including a broad range of clinical isolates.[39]
    2. Discovery and selection of TMC114, a next generation HIV-1 protease inhibitor.[40]
  • Development of drug Discovery method for SARS and now also used for SARS-Cov-2:
    1. Development of a homogeneous screening assay for automated detection of antiviral agents active against severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus.[10]
  • Pilot study of a mobile biosafety laboratory in Senegal for disease surveillance and rapid response:
    1. Field evaluation of a mobile biosafety laboratory in Senegal to strengthen rapid disease outbreak and monitoring.[12]

References
  1. "Coronavirus Global Response International Pledging Conference Countdown - Rudi Pauwels". global-response.europa.eu. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  2. "Rudi Pauwels: Pionier in AIDS preventie en ziektedetectie" (PDF). Trends (in Dutch): 78–79. 2014 – via Knack.
  3. "Interview: "Het gebrek aan langetermijnvisie is de ziekte van deze tijd"". Trends. 1167021. 2018.
  4. "Rudi Pauwels' research". ResearchGate. 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  5. "About the ACT-Accelerator". FIND. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  6. "ACT Accelerator: global response to COVID-19. ACT-A Dx structure" (PDF). Global Health Hub. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  7. De Clercq, Erik (November 2015). "An Odyssey in antiviral drug development—50 years at the Rega Institute: 1964–2014". Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B. 5 (6): 520–543. doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2015.09.001. PMC 4675811. PMID 26713268.
  8. "CV Erik De Clercq" (PDF). ICDDT. 2008. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  9. "Chance of a Lifetime: The story of Virco" (PDF). The Journal of Precision Medicine.
  10. Ivens, Tania; Eynde, Christel Van den; Acker, Koen Van; Nijs, Erik; Dams, Géry; Bettens, Eva; Ohagen, Asa; Pauwels, Rudi; Hertogs, Kurt (1 October 2005). "Development of a homogeneous screening assay for automated detection of antiviral agents active against severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus". Journal of Virological Methods. 129 (1): 56–63. doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.05.010. ISSN 0166-0934.
  11. "Galapagos: Our History". Glpg. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  12. Fall, Cheikh; Cappuyns, Aurélie; Faye, Oumar; Pauwels, Steven; Fall, Gamou; Dia, Ndongo; Diagne, Moussa M.; Diagne, Cheikh T.; Niang, Makhtar; Mbengue, Alassane; Faye, Martin (20 August 2020). "Field evaluation of a mobile biosafety laboratory in Senegal to strengthen rapid disease outbreak response and monitoring". African Journal of Laboratory Medicine. 9 (2). doi:10.4102/ajlm.v9i2.1041. ISSN 2225-2002. PMC 7479379. PMID 32934915.
  13. "LABPLUS AFRICA - partnering against new emerging pandemics". The European-Security and Defence Union. 36. 2020 – via Issuu.
  14. "Urbain Vandeurzen en Rudi Pauwels investeren in Leuvens miDiagnostics". Trends-Knack. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  15. "Advent appoints Rudi Pauwels to life sciences team". Unquote. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  16. "Advent Sells Respivert to J&J for Significant Cash Return". Advent Life Sciences. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  17. "Smile Invest | Rudi Pauwels". Smile Invest. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  18. "Praesens Foundation, Institut Pasteur, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Twist Bioscience Consortium Win Prix Galien MedStartUp Award". BusinessWire. 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  19. "Nieuwe adellijke gunsten en eretekens". Diplomatie Belgium (in Dutch). 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  20. "Plenary presentation "The Entrepreneurial Journey: Balancing Technological Exploration and Exploitation in the Pursuit of Breakthroughs in Medicine & Healthcare"". Select Biosciences. 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  21. "Spotlight on Rudi Pauwels: How to turn failures into success". A*STAR. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  22. "Plenaire vergadering: Uitreiking van de Gouden Erepenningen 2016". Vlaams Parlement (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  23. "Eerste FarmaLeuven alumnus van het jaar - Dr. Rudi Pauwels gehuldigd door Minister Maggie De Block op 14 November 2015" (PDF). FarmaLeuven (in Dutch). 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  24. "Uitreiking van de UGent eredoctoraten". Magazine Universiteit Gent (in Dutch). January 2013: 22 – via Issuu.
  25. "Eredoctoraten voor professoren Justin Lin en Françoise Tulkens aan UGent". Knack (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  26. "Benoeming door Koninklijk besluit gepubliceerd op 18 december 2013". Etaamb (Belgisch Staatsblad) (in Dutch).
  27. "Technology Pioneers 2012 Report". World Economic Forum. 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  28. "BioAlps Awards: Prix Industrie". BioAlps. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  29. "Verleihungen: AIDS forschungpreis (Awards: AIDS research award)" (PDF). Deutsches Ärtzeblatt (in German). 93: 1420.
  30. "Development of new potent and selective agents against HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)". Koninklijke Academie voor Geneeskunde van Belgïe. 53(6): 629–655. 1991 – via Europe PMC.
  31. Pauwels, Rudi; De Clercq, Erik; Desmyter, Jan; Balzarini, Jan; Goubau, Patrick; Herdewijn, Piet; Vanderhaeghe, Hubert; Vandeputte, Michel (1 June 1987). "Sensitive and rapid assay on MT-4 cells for detection of antiviral compounds against the AIDS virus". Journal of Virological Methods. 16 (3): 171–185. doi:10.1016/0166-0934(87)90002-4. ISSN 0166-0934.
  32. Pauwels, Rudi; Balzarini, Jan; Baba, Masanori; Snoeck, Robert; Schols, Dominique; Herdewijn, Piet; Desmyter, Jan; De Clercq, Erik (1 August 1988). "Rapid and automated tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay for the detection of anti-HIV compounds". Journal of Virological Methods. 20 (4): 309–321. doi:10.1016/0166-0934(88)90134-6. ISSN 0166-0934.
  33. Pauwels, R.; Balzarini, J.; Schols, D.; Baba, M.; Desmyter, J.; Rosenberg, I.; Holy, A.; Clercq, E. De (1 July 1988). "Phosphonylmethoxyethyl purine derivatives, a new class of anti-human immunodeficiency virus agents". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 32 (7): 1025–1030. doi:10.1128/AAC.32.7.1025. ISSN 0066-4804. PMID 2847636.
  34. Pauwels, Rudi; Andries, Koen; Desmyter, Jan; Schols, Dominique; Kukla, Michael J.; Breslin, Henry J.; Raeymaeckers, Alfons; Gelder, Jozef Van; Woestenborghs, Robert; Heykants, Jozef; Schellekens, Karel (February 1990). "Potent and selective inhibition of HIV-1 replication in vitro by a novel series of TIBO derivatives". Nature. 343 (6257): 470–474. doi:10.1038/343470a0. ISSN 1476-4687.
  35. Pauwels, R.; Andries, K.; Debyser, Z.; Van Daele, P.; Schols, D.; Stoffels, P.; De Vreese, K.; Woestenborghs, R.; Vandamme, A. M.; Janssen, C. G. (1 March 1993). "Potent and highly selective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) inhibition by a series of alpha-anilinophenylacetamide derivatives targeted at HIV-1 reverse transcriptase". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 90 (5): 1711–1715. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.5.1711. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 45949. PMID 7680476.
  36. Pauwels, Rudi (1 October 2004). "New non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) in development for the treatment of HIV infections". Current Opinion in Pharmacology. 4 (5): 437–446. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2004.07.005. ISSN 1471-4892.
  37. Pauwels, Rudi (1993), Adams, Julian; Merluzzi, Vincent J. (eds.), "Discovery of TIBO, a New Family of HIV-1-Specific Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors", The Search for Antiviral Drugs: Case Histories from Concept to Clinic, Boston, MA: Birkhäuser, pp. 71–104, doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-6718-3_4, ISBN 978-1-4899-6718-3, retrieved 4 February 2021
  38. Hertogs, Kurt; Béthune, Marie-Pierre de; Miller, Veronica; Ivens, Tania; Schel, Patricia; Cauwenberge, Anja Van; Eynde, Christel Van den; Gerwen, Veerle van; Azijn, Hilde; Houtte, Margriet van; Peeters, Frank (1 February 1998). "A Rapid Method for Simultaneous Detection of Phenotypic Resistance to Inhibitors of Protease and Reverse Transcriptase in Recombinant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates from Patients Treated with Antiretroviral Drugs". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 42 (2): 269–276. doi:10.1128/AAC.42.2.269. ISSN 0066-4804. PMID 9527771.
  39. Meyer, Sandra De; Azijn, Hilde; Surleraux, Dominique; Jochmans, Dirk; Tahri, Abdellah; Pauwels, Rudi; Wigerinck, Piet; Béthune, Marie-Pierre de (1 June 2005). "TMC114, a Novel Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease Inhibitor Active against Protease Inhibitor-Resistant Viruses, Including a Broad Range of Clinical Isolates". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 49 (6): 2314–2321. doi:10.1128/AAC.49.6.2314-2321.2005. ISSN 0066-4804. PMID 15917527.
  40. Surleraux, Dominique L. N. G.; Tahri, Abdellah; Verschueren, Wim G.; Pille, Geert M. E.; de Kock, Herman A.; Jonckers, Tim H. M.; Peeters, Anik; De Meyer, Sandra; Azijn, Hilde; Pauwels, Rudi; de Bethune, Marie-Pierre (1 March 2005). "Discovery and Selection of TMC114, a Next Generation HIV-1 Protease Inhibitor". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 48 (6): 1813–1822. doi:10.1021/jm049560p. ISSN 0022-2623.
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