Salman al-Murshid

Sulayman al-Murshid (Arabic: سليمان المرشد‎; 1907 – 16 December 1946) was a Syrian Alawi religious figure, political leader, and the founder of al-Murshidyah religious sect.

Sulayman al-Murshid
سلمان المرشد
Personal
Born
سليمان يونس
Sulayman Yunus

1907 (1907)
Jawbat Burghal, Latakia Sanjak, Ottoman Syria
DiedDecember 16, 1946(1946-12-16) (aged 38–39)
Marjeh Square, Damascus, Syria
Cause of deathExecuted by hanging
ReligionShia Islam
ChildrenMujib (born 1930, assassinated 1952)
Saji (born 1931, died 1998)
SectAlawite
Known forfounder of al-Murshidyah sect

Early beginnings

Sulayman al-Murshid was born as Sulayman Yunus (سليمان يونس) in the village of Jawbat Burghal, in the Latakia Sanjak.

He rose to power in his teenage years. Though a "penniless shepherd" in the words of historian Philip Khoury, al-Murshid was afflicted by epilepsy, and in his trances he spoke of the apocalypse and the arrival of the Mahdi.[1] As a result, he acquired a reputation as "a prophet and miracle worker."[1] About 1923, he proclaimed himself as a demi-god, when he used ventriloquy and luminous paint to trick the locals in the Alawite-inhabited Syrian Coastal Mountain Range.[2]

His emerging power worried both local notable Alawite families and the French authorities, who arranged to have him and some of his followers sent to Raqqa in exile in the mid-1920s.[3] Yet when al-Murshid returned, he managed to patch up his problems with local notables, not least through strategic marriages.[3]

As he attempted to expand his power beyond the countryside, of Latakia.[4] With a following of some 40,000 people and extensive wealth built on land holding and tax collection duties, al-Murshid found himself in a position of great power. By the 1930s, he had united the three tribes of the Amamra, Dariusa, and Mheilbe under his control.[4]

In 1937, he became a member of Parliament, and avoided the separatist approach advocated for by some among Syria's minority groups.[3] Yet once it appeared that the French would not make good on their promise to grant Syria independence in 1936, al-Murshid began to call for separatism again.[3] In 1943, he was elected again as a member of the central Syrian Parliament.

In 1944, under British instigation, al-Murshid was arrested in Beirut and kept in Damascus under house arrest for a few months.[5]

The Syrian government tried to charge him with treason and other civil charges, but they could not prove any of the charges. Hence, the Judge received a direct order from the president, Shukri al-Quwatli, to convict Sulayman by any means, and he was executed on 16 December 1946 in Marjeh Square in Damascus.

Followers

His movement deified al-Murshid and, following his death, his sons Mujib and Saji.[6] The followers of al-Murshid later became known as Al-Murshidyah (المرشدية) named after his second son Mujib Al-Murshid, who was killed by Abd Elhak Shihada (Arabic: عبد الحق شحادة‎), a military police commander, (by direct order from Adib Shishakli) on 27 November 1952. Murshidians were persecuted by the Syrian authorities until President Hafez al-Assad came to power in 1970. Since then, Al-Murshidyah was practiced relatively freely like any other religion. After the 1984 confrontation between Hafez al-Assad and his younger brother Rifaat al-Assad, the Al-Murshid family was allowed to return to the Latakia region. Murshidyya soldiers in Rifaat's Defense Companies (Sarāyā ad-Difāʿ) had sided with the President in the confrontation.

Murshidians only exist in Syria in which they mostly spread out in Latakia Governorate, Homs Governorate, Al-Ghab Plain and Damascus. Their numbers may vary from 300 to 500 thousand people.[7] They celebrate a festival called "Joy in God" for three days, starting from 25 August of each year, this day commemorates the beginning of the new religion by Mujib al-Murshid. In these three days, people make private prayers, dress well and offer desserts as a way of celebration.[8]

References
  1. Khoury, Philip (1987). Syria and the French Mandate: the Politics of Arab Nationalism, 1920-1945. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 523.
  2. British Documents in Foreign Affairs: Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print, Part III, vol 7, p. 171.
  3. Khoury, Philip (1987). Syria and the French Mandate: the Politics of Arab Nationalism, 1920-1945. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 524.
  4. Yaffe, Gita (October 1993). "Suleiman al-Murshid: Beginnings of an Alawi Leader". Middle Eastern Studies.
  5. Rabinovich, Itamar (October 1979). "The Compact Minorities and the Syrian State, 1918-45". Journal of Contemporary History.
  6. Jason Pack (July 2008). "Another Modern-Day Messiah: Sulayman Al-Murshid and the political theology of 'Alawi separatism in French Mandatory Syria". Irfan Colloquia.
  7. المرشديون السوريون يحتفلون بعيد "الفرح بالله"
  8. بعد وفاة "نور المضيء المرشدي".. تعرّف إلى طقوس الطائفة المرشدية في الحزن والفرح

Sources
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