Satan's Choice Motorcycle Club

Satan's Choice Motorcycle Club was a Canadian outlaw motorcycle club that was once the dominant outlaw club in Ontario, and at the peak of its power in 1977, had 12 chapters based in Ontario, with one in Montreal, Quebec. However, its power began to diminish during the 1970s, with some of the club's chapters "patching over" to the Outlaws MC in 1977.[1] The remaining chapters would eventually become members of the Hells Angels along with most of the other major outlaw clubs in Ontario.

Satan's Choice MC
Founded1965
FounderBernie Guindon
Founding locationToronto, Ontario, Canada
Years active1965–2001
TerritoryOntario
EthnicityMostly white
Membership (est.)400 (1969)
Leader(s)Bernie Guindon, Garnet "Mother" McEwen, Andre Wattel
ActivitiesDrug trafficking, prostitution, theft, assault, murder
AlliesOutlaws
RivalsHells Angels
Loners
Popeyes
Notable membersCecil Kirby, Steven Gault, Frank Lenti, Mario Parente, Lorne Campbell, Richard Sauvé, Howard Doyle, Ion Croitoru, Michel Dubé

Early history

The founding chapter of the first iteration of Satan's Choice was established during the late 1950s in Toronto, usually hanging around "Aida's", a downtown restaurant. This version of Satan's Choice was small in size, only numbering about 45 members, and had a very casual, non-criminal focus at the time.[2] This club would disband in 1962, but went on to serve as the namesake for a group of four other motorcycle clubs which came together as the new Satan's Choice in 1965, namely the Phantom Riders, the Canadian Lancers, the Throttle Twisters, and the Wild Ones. In 1962, the Satan's Choice club led by Don Norris were forced to disband following attacks from the rival Black Diamond Riders club who humiliated them by beating them up in street fights and stealing their patches.[3] Bernie Guindon of the Phantom Riders decided to use the name and patch of the disbanded club because he knew it would enrage the Black Diamond Riders.[4] Ever since a brawl in 1962 known as the "Battle of Pebblestone" that saw the Black Diamond Riders defeat the Golden Hawk Riders that Guindon belonged to at the time, it has been his mission to seek vengeance on the Black Diamond Riders.[4]

Former Phantom Riders president Bernie Guindon became the president of this newer, larger version of Satan's Choice, and later their national president as the group expanded.[2] Guindon had promoted the merger of the four clubs to end the attacks of the Black Diamond Riders, arguing if the four clubs were united, it would have such an overwhelming numerical superiority that it would ensure that the Black Diamond Riders would not dare attack them anymore.[3] Guindon received permission from Norris to use the name and patch of the former Satan's Choice.[3] In the outlaw biker subculture, using the name and patch of a former club without permission is seen as very rude. The group regulated itself somewhat differently from most motorcycle clubs such as the Hells Angels, using a series of bylaws instead of a single written constitution or charter.[5]

Expansion

This new Satan's Choice started out much the same as the original, a group of young men simply wishing to escape from society and its rigid norms and expectations. Satan's Choice members were not serious criminals, if they committed any crimes at all.[6] In 1965 a documentary, Satan's Choice about the newly founded club directed by Donald Shebib appeared, making the club famous in Toronto.[7] Charismatic and handsome, Guindon was the "star" of the documentary.[8] Prior to the 1960s, Toronto had a very staid image of "Toronto the Good", a city whose people were mostly hard-working, conservative God-fearing Protestants of British descent, a bastion of Victorian values that was prosperous, safe and well run, but also rather boring and conventional. In the 1960s, it was common for young people to Toronto to embrace a "hip" image, choosing ways of life that were quite contrary to the traditional Anglo-Protestant Victorian values that had previously defined Toronto, which were viewed by the young people as conformist, dull and stifling.[9] The outlaw biker subculture came to be seen as a symbol of rebellion and freedom with many of the younger people having a very romantic and idealized image of the bikers, who were admired for their "authenticity".[10] Bikers were viewed as dangerous men who were, however, "cool" and "hip" in their rejection of "Toronto the Good" values.[10] One young woman interviewed in the documentary said she liked riding with Satan's Choice because they were "not phony" and were "real".[11] The Ontario outlaw biker subculture was violent, but in the 1960s the violence was usually limited to brawls and it was most unusual for bikers to kill each other.[12] The unwillingness of outlaw bikers to testify against one another in court following their code made it difficult for the authorities to prosecute them for their frequent street fights, which contributed to their "cool" image as men who successfully broke the law.[12] Shebib said of Satan's Choice in 1965: "It was a lot of booze, broads, and bikes. It wasn't organized crime as it became. But I don't think you wanted to cross them".[13]

In Satan's Choice, Guindon together with the rest of his club professed to reject materialism as they maintained that the only possessions they held dear were their motorcycles as they claimed to be rejecting the conformity of Canadian society.[14] That Guindon and his followers were rigidly conforming to the code of outlaw biker subculture that originated in California in the late 1940s apparently escaped them.[14] Shebib's documentary Satan's Choice with its sympathetic picture of Satan's Choice as "rebels" against "Toronto the Good" values gave an immense amount of publicity in 1960s Toronto.[15] Through the values of outlaw biker subculture that celebrated violence, macho masculinity and the acquisition of wealth contrasted with the counterculture values of the hippies, the two subcultures saw themselves as fellow outcasts from Canadian society, and hippies tended to glamorize outlaw bikers as the 1960s progressed.[16]

Through Guindon and his gang were often into trouble with the law owing to their frequent brawling with other outlaw bikers, but in general Satan's Choice were not into organized crime in its early years, engaging only in petty crime.[17] One of the first reports in the media about Satan's Choice was a story in the Toronto Star on 29 August 1966 reporting "Five arrested in motorcycle rumble".[17] The report stated: "A policeman had a guitar smashed over his head during a brawl in a local hotel cocktail lounge Saturday after two motorcycle clubs ganged up on a musician. Police say about 12 members of the Golden Hawk Riders and Satan's Choice were out to get even with a musician after he fought with a Golden Hawk Friday and kicked over his motorcycle".[17] Reports such as this were typical of the media reports about Satan's Choice in the 1960s, which rarely mentioned serious crimes.[17] Police raids in the 1960s discovered that Satan's Choice members possessed guns, brass knuckles and marijuana, the latter which were as much for their own use as to sell.[17] In 1967, a black outlaw biker from Montreal, Rod MacLeod, arrived at a biker's convention at Wasaga Beach to meet Guindon.[18] MacLeod wanted to form the first Satan's Choice chapter in la belle province.[18] Guindon approved the request, making MacLeond the first black chapter president anywhere in Canada, leading in Montreal a multiracial, multilingual chapter made of blacks and whites, English-Canadians and French-Canadians of about 20 members.[18] Outlaw biker clubs tended to shun non-white applicants, and Guindon was highly unusual in allowing a black man to lead a chapter.[19]

On 25 September 1967, Guindon held the first national convention of Satan's Choice at a farmhouse in Markham Township just outside of Toronto, which was also attended by the Vagabonds club.[20] Amid much riotous drinking in a barn where the convention was being held, 23 police officers raided the barn about midnight, but came under a shower of empty beer bottles, forcing them to retreat.[20] The police had not left behind any men to guard their cars which were parked outside of the barn, and as a result, while the police were being showered with bottles, some of the bikers had trashed the parked police cruisers, ripped out the radios and punctured their tyres, forcing the policemen to walk back to the station.[21] At about 4:00 am, the enraged police returned with a greater force of 84 officers who engaged in a fierce brawl with the bikers.[20] On their second attempt, the police had plastic shields that allowed them to advance on the barn despite the shower of empty beer bottles being thrown at them.[21] The police arrested 55 bikers plus 9 women who also attending the party.[22] The police smashed up the motorcycles of the bikers in retaliation for the damage done to their cruisers.[21] Journalists who saw the scene the next morning described it as looking like a war zone.[21] The incident at the barn in Markham attracted much media attention, as did the fact that the police seized at the barn a mixture of weapons such as sawed-off shotguns, handguns, axes and bike chains together with an immense quantity of alcohol and marijuana.[23] Arrested together with Guindon at the barn were his second wife Barbara Ann and his right-hand man Howard Berry.[24]

On Sunday morning as those arrested were taken into the Don jail, there were a number of journalists from the local television stations present and the bikers blew kisses to the cameras.[21] On Monday after the Saturday night raid, the arrested bikers were taken to a courthouse, which became the most popular "tourist attraction" in Toronto that day as one journalist from The Globe and Mail newspaper described it with a large crowd waiting outside the courthouse, many of whom were high school students who were there to cheer on the bikers as they were marched into the courthouse to be fined.[25] In the end, the judge fined Satan's Choice a thousand dollars, most of it in the form of $10 dollars fines for each individual for being present in a place where alcohol was being illegally served plus $3.50 fine for court costs.[25] The Markham incident was not considered a triumph for the forces of law and order with public opinion on the side of the bikers, who were felt to be victims of excessive force.[25] By the end of the 1960s, Guindon had emerged as something of a folk hero in Toronto while Satan's Choice had become the most best known and largest outlaw biker club in Canada.[7]

Criminalization

Towards the end of the 1960s and into the 1970s, the outlaw motorcycle club slowly developed into an organized crime group as a result of the large potential profits from criminal activities.[26] While they were involved in a number of criminal activities that were typical for biker gangs, such as robbery, theft, assault, and running prostitution rings, they were notably deeply involved in drug production and trafficking. The club operated a number of drug labs out of remote cabins in Northern Ontario, with production focusing especially on PCP and methamphetamines, better known in the area as "Canadian Blue"..[27] The remoteness of northern Ontario made it possible to hide drug labs and to manufacture drugs on a scale that was difficult in the more populous region of southern Ontario.[28] This success emboldened elements of Satan's Choice, in particular their Toronto chapter, into sparking a gang war with two rival Toronto biker gangs, the Black Diamond Riders MC and the Vagabonds MC. However, the rest of the group's chapters met and ended the war, making peace with the two rival groups and disciplining the leaders of the Toronto chapter.[29] During this time period the Satan's choice had grown rapidly, reaching their peak strength in 1977, with about 200 members across 13 chapters in Ontario and Quebec.[29]

The Canadian scholar Gordon Melcher wrote: "In a culture where violence, toughness, and assertive masculinity were so highly prized, Guindon succeeded as a leader because he was tougher and smarter than the next guy".[30] Through Satan's Choice together other Canadian outlaw biker clubs all slavishly copied the American outlaw biker clubs, Guindon was adamantly against allowing American clubs to come to Canada, arguing the American-based clubs would destabilize the biker scene and cause too much violence.[30] Through Guindon saw violence as a legitimate way to achieve his aims, in general, he was against biker wars, arguing that the Canadian public was willing to accept street fights, but not murder, and that excessive violence would lead to a police crackdown.[30] Guindon argued the outlaw biker clubs should respect each other's territories and avoid violence.[30] Melcher wrote there was an element of self-interest to Guindon's strategy since Satan's Choice was the largest club and his strategy for peace by mutual respect for each other's territories enshrined the dominance of his club by preventing challenges into his territories.[30] Melcher further noted that as a business strategy, Guindon's peace strategy was quite rational as the lack of a police crackdown allowed Satan's Choice to make greater profits than would be the case if the police were cracking down.[30] In 1973, Guindon was approached by the Hells Angels for the first time with the offer to have Satan's Choice "patch over" to become Hells Angels.[31] Guindon was an ardent Canadian nationalist and rejected the offer, saying he did not want his club absorbed into an American club.[31]

Guindon recruited a university drop-out turned chef, Howard Doyle Berry, aka "Pigpen", of Peterborough into Satan's Choice, who became his principle lieutenant.[32] To compensate for his solidly respectable middle-class background, the former Classics student Berry embraced a slovenly, disheveled look and purposely led a life of poor hygiene, hence the unflattering moniker "Pigpen".[32] Berry liked to offend and disgust people via such antics such as vomiting over new members; attaching the remains of a dead skunk he found on the road to his Satan's Choice jacket; and bringing and eating his own feces when invited to dine with other Choice members.[33] Through Guindon found Berry repulsive, his willingness to do anything made him useful and he came to serve as his principal enforcer.[34]

As the group moved from a motorcycle club into organized crime, many of the original members dropped out. It was estimated that about 90% of the violence in the 1970s was related to the control of the drug trade.[35] Guindon later stated: "Drugs were the ruin of many a good club member and many a good club".[35] Ken Rae, the Crown Attorney (prosecutor) in Kitchener stated in 1977: "At one time Kitchener had all the (Satan’s) Choice in jail. When they got out in 1971, they decided that running around alleys with shotguns wasn’t profitable so they reorganized and got into more profitable things like drugs."[36] The stories about Satan's Choice started to change from that of a hedonist types who liked to party hard to darker stories such as the case of a Kitchener man beaten to death in a back ally brawl and that of a Markham woman who tried to break up with her Choice boyfriend, only to be found lying semi-conscious and naked outside with serious vaginal bleeding caused by rape.[17] Satan's Choice members were the suspects in the murder of a Vancouver businessman, believed to have been a case of murder for hire.[17]

One former Satan's Choice member Cecil Kirby wrote in his 1986 memoirs Mafia Enforcer that Satan's Choice members specialized in seducing the female clerks who operated the Ontario Provincial Police's computers and were always willing to share information from the computers with their boyfriends.[37] Kirby stated that there was one clerk who had access to the most classified information and:

"Club members carried her number in their wallets. If a member was worried about the cops, all he had to do was call her number, and she'd access the police computer to see if there were any warrants on him. When we spotted a rival gang member, we'd also use her to see if there were any outstanding fugitive warrants on him. If there were, we'd have someone in the club call up the cops and tip them off where that rival was and who was with him. It was a good way of avoiding trouble and getting rid of rival gang members. We could also check out anybody's criminal record through that computer. This helped us spot people trying to infiltrate us from rival gangs or the cops".[37]

Kirby concluded that Satan's Choice "had the upper hand in Toronto because we had the best intelligence network around. We were able to move on the other gangs faster than they could move on us because we had such good sources and good information on the habits of the other gangs".[37]

In 1973, the Ontario government decided to put all the outlaw biker clubs out of business, and had the Intelligence Branch of the Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) set up a Special Squad with the unfortunate acronym of the SS dedicated entirely to pursuing outlaw bikers.[35] The Special Squad was later renamed the Anti-Biker Unit. Unlike other organized groups such as the Mafia, the outlaw biker subculture was perceived by public by 1973 as especially dangerous.[35] It was understood by members of the Special Squad that "legal niceties" need not be upheld as the politicians demanded convictions to show the public that action was being taken.[38] Corporal Terry Hall of the Special Squad called the campaign against Satan's Choice "reverse intimidation" as the Special Squad sought to intimidate bikers via the same means used by the bikers themselves.[38] The American journalist Mick Lowe wrote that starting in 1973 Hall "had inhabited a strange nether region on the fringes of Canadian law enforcement" as he went after bikers via very ruthless and often illegal means, making him into a "black legend among Canadian bikers" who feared him as a policeman who did not follow the law.[39] Even Hall's appearance with his long hair and beard and a generally disheveled look made him appear more like an outlaw biker than a policeman.[39] One consequence of the "reverse intimidation" campaign was to reduce Satan's Choice membership from the all-time high of about 400 members in 1969 to about 110 in 1977.[40] An additional and unintended result of "reverse intimidation" campaign was to drive out the genuine motorcycle enthusiasts out of Satan's Choice while leaving behind only those committed to organized crime and were willing to accept imprisonment from time to time as a consequence of their lifestyle.[40] The campaign waged by Hall and other Special Squad members failed in its purpose as the number of outlaw bikers in Ontario went from about 500 in 1973 to about 800 in 1978 as the profits from organized crime led more men to join outlaw biker clubs.[36]

Alliance with the Outlaws MC

In 1975, Satan's Choice began an alliance with the Outlaws MC, one of the largest international outlaw motorcycle clubs. In 1974, Kirby and Garnet "Mother" McEwen, the president of the St. Catherine's chapter went to Fort Lauderdale, Florida to meet Outlaw leaders.[41] McEwen became especially close to the Outlaws and was the most vocal advocate within Satan's Choice of closer ties with them.[42] In June 1975, Guindon forged an alliance with the Outlaws outlaw biker club, which is very active in the American Midwest.[1] Under the terms of the agreement, the Outlaws were the exclusive distributors in the United States of the PCPs and methamphetamine manufactured by Choice members in northern Ontario.[28] The "Canadian Blue" methamphetamine produced in northern Ontario sold for $8, 000 Canadian dollars per pound, but in the United States was sold for $12, 000 U.S. dollars per pound.[43] As manufacturing methamphetamine produces a very unpleasant smell that is usually compared to the smell of cat urine, northern Ontario with its sparse population, numerous lakes and vast forests was ideal for manufacturing methamphetamine. The Outlaws who controlled the markets of the Midwest came to be dependent upon methamphetamine manufactured by Satan's Choice.[43]

The benefits of such a relationship worked to the advantage of both groups. Satan's Choice gained access to a larger support network of clubs throughout the United States and beyond, opening the club to new business opportunities and possibly even reinforcements in the event of another club war. Meanwhile, the Outlaws gained a strong ally in Ontario, precluding any expansion by the Hells Angels into the region. Furthermore, the Outlaws gained a way to challenge the supremacy of the Hells Angels in Quebec through access to the Montreal chapter of Satan's Choice.[44] This led the Montreal chapter and their Outlaw allies into open conflict with the Hells Angels-backed Popeyes Motorcycle Club, resulting in a number of casualties on both sides.[44] The Popeyes had targeted the Devil's Disciples biker gang, who were allies of Satan's Choice.[45] The Devils' Disciples and the Montreal chapter of Satan's Choice were engaged in the manufacturing and smuggling of chemical drugs, a market that the Popeyes decided to violently enter in 1974, leading to the biker war.[46] Kirby was present when "Pigpen" Berry opened fire on the clubhouse of the Popeyes Motorcycle Club with a sawed-off Lee–Enfield .303 rifle with a ten-round clip, saying "It was like a cannon going off".[47] Kirby recalled in a 2015 interview: "If there was trouble anywhere, they'd sent Howard Berry out to take care of it. He was the Choice hitman and everybody knew it".[48] The same underworld struggle drew in the Irish West End Gang on the side of Satan's Choice while the Dubois Brothers gang backed the Popeyes.[45] In 1975, the Popeyes, who acted as "muscle" for the Dubois brothers, had killed 15 members of the Devil's Disciples causing the latter gang to disband themselves.[49] Yves Trudeau, the ace assassin for the Popeyes first rose to prominence during this struggle.[50]

Reflecting the new alliance, "Pigpen" Berry started to work for the Outlaws in Florida where his willingness to perform any task together with his anonymity made him useful as an enforcer.[51] In the 1970s, the San Francisco-based Hells Angels were seeking to expand from California into Florida, leading to a biker war with the Chicago-based Outlaws.[52] The conflict had started in 1969 when an Outlaw raped the wife of a Hell Angel, leading to the Angels to beat the rapist to death.[41] During his time as an Outlaw enforcer and hitman in Florida, Berry customarily rode around in his motorcycle with a machine gun strapped to the front, as much for his own protection as for intimidation.[52] During an assassination attempt by the Hells Angels, Berry took two bullets to the chest.[52] Berry was living under the assumed name Tim Jones and the Florida police did not realize that Berry was living illegally in the United States. Berry reported to Guindon that many of the Outlaws were Vietnam veterans who were full of rage and hatred who engaged in pointless, irrational violence.[53] The fact that many of the Hells Angels and the Outlaws were veterans who used the combat skills they had learned during the Vietnam war against each other added to the intensity of the conflict as Berry stated: "Down here they played the game for keeps".[52] However, Berry also told Guindon about the Outlaws: "They're well organized. They make money big time".[54]

In August 1975, Guindon went to a hunting lodge at Oba Lake in northern Ontario owned by Alain Templain, the president of the Oshawa chapter of Satan' Choice.[28] The lodge was so remote as to be only accessible by plane. Also at the lodge were a group of undercover detectives from the OPP posing as American tourists looking for a "good time" in Canada.[28] On 6 August 1975, the undercover officers raided a shack located on an island in Oba Lake and found Guindon and Templain with some PCP tablets worth $6 million Canadian dollars together with PCP-manufacturing equipment.[28][36] Found on the island on Oba Lake were 9 pounds of PCP ready to sell and 236 pounds of PCP waiting to be completed.[36] The drug network for selling the PCP ranged as far as Florida and the police estimated Guindon was making at least $60 million per month in sales.[36] In May 1976, the club's leader Bernie Guindon would be incarcerated on drug charges, further diminishing the gang's power.[29]

Fugitives from both the Outlaws and Satan's Choice were found to be in hiding in each other's nations. "Pigpen" Berry, wanted for attempted murder in Peterborough, was arrested in North Carolina in December 1975 with a forged Florida driver's license giving his name as Tim Jones.[55] Berry was arrested after he was caught trying to steal a tank from a U.S. Army base.[56] Berry was not extradited to Canada as he was instead convicted in North Carolina for his involvement in an Outlaw auto theft ring.[36] After completing his sentence, Berry was deported to Canada.[56] James "Blue" Starrett of the Outlaws was found to be living in St. Catherine's on 22 July 1976 under the name Charlie Brown, where he ran a painting business and was a member of the local Satan's Choice chapter.[36] Starrett had been serving a life sentence for murdering a woman in Florida in 1970 and had escaped from prison in 1974, leading to his fellow Outlaws arranging for him to go to Canada.[55] William "Gatemouth" Edson of the Outlaw chapter in Fort Lauderdale, Florida had been convicted of multiple offenses such as murdering three Hells Angels; torturing a woman for two days because she wore an jacket with an Outlaw patch without permission; and almost beating another woman to death because she was the girlfriend of a Bandido.[55] Like Starrett, Edson had escaped from prison in Florida and with the help of his fellow Outlaws had made his way to Canada, where he settled in Kitchener.[55] In Kitchener, Edson was given the false name Denis Lupo together with a fake Ontario driver's license and he joined the local Satan's Choice chapter.[55] Edson was arrested in Kitchener on 27 August 1976 and deported to the United States.[36] At times, the fugitive hiding program caused tensions. One Outlaw biker from Nashville arranged for his girlfriend to hide out with the Satan's Choice's chapter in Kitchener, during which time she had a sexual relationship with Lorne Campbell of the Choice's Toronto chapter, which almost caused a brawl between the two men when the biker from Tennessee travelled north to reclaim his girlfriend.[57]

The man who replaced Guindon as national president, Garnet "Mother" McEwen, was a proponent of "Yankeeization", favoring close ties with Outlaws unlike the Canadian nationalist Guindon who wanted to keep his club Canadian.[58] Unknown to Guindon, it was McEwen who tipped off the police about the PCP factory at Oda Lake and told them when Guindon would be visiting so they could arrest him.[59] McEwen was widely disliked within the club with Campbell saying about him: "He was just a fat, stinky guy. That's all he was. He was just a dirty guy who looked like a 1950s biker. He was filthy".[60] McEwen had lost a leg in a motorcycle accident and in a mocking reference to his artificial leg, many joked that he didn't have a leg to stand on.[60] The fact that McEwen bugged the automobiles of other Satan's Choice members did not endear him to many who saw him as a "rat".[60] In 1976, McEwen arranged for a common "association patch" between the Outlaws and Satan's Choice, allowing for equality between the two clubs.[61] McEwen had a fascination with guns and, owing to the looser gun control laws in the United States, the Outlaws obtained guns more easily than could Satan's Choice.[61] McEwen wanted to import more guns from the United States.[61] During McEwen's presidency, in-fighting between the chapters became common and in 1977 McEwen tried to expel the entire Kitchener chapter after some of its members talked too frankly to two journalists from the Kitchener Record.[62]

Guindon's imprisonment soon led to the fracturing of newly weakened Satan's Choice when, on 1 July 1977, the Ottawa, St. Catharines, Windsor, and Montreal chapters fully abandoned Satan's Choice in favour of the much larger Outlaws. In March 1977, McEwen arranged for the Windsor and St. Catherine's chapters to secretly join the Outlaws.[63] McEwen called a secret meeting on 1 July 1977 with most of the chapter presidents being present where he called for "patching over" to the Outlaws, arguing that being members of an American-based club would add to their power, saying that the St. Catherine's and Windsor chapters had already decided to join the Outlaws.[40] The chapter presidents known to be loyal to Guindon were not invited to the meeting.[40] The meeting was not held at the usual meeting place of Wasaga Beach on Georgian Bay, instead held at Crystal Beach on Lake Erie close to the American border.[64] McEwen brought over a number of American Outlaws from their Detroit chapter to provide intimidation at the Crystal Beach meeting.[64] Lowe wrote that the chapters "began to fall like dominoes" as once Mario Palente of the Hamilton chapter decided to go over to the Outlaws, the Montreal chapter did likewise, which caused the Ottawa chapter to "patch over".[40] To mark the change, a ceremony was performed at Crystal Beach where the Satan's Choice chapter presidents burned their jackets with the Satan's Choice patches while putting on new jackets with the Outlaw patch.[63]

Satan's Choice lost the chapters in Montreal, Hamilton, St. Catherine's, Sault St. Marie, Windsor, London, Ottawa, Kingston and part of the Toronto chapter to the Outlaws.[65] When Guindon was released early from prison for good behavior in 1984, all Satan's Choice had left were the chapters in Thunder Bay, Kitchener, Peterborough, Oshawa, and Toronto.[65] The way his supposed allies, the Outlaws, poached several chapters away from him while he was in prison caused Guindon to have a lasting grudge against the Outlaws and during the subsequent struggle between the Hells Angels and the Outlaws, Guindon was to lean in a pro-Angel neutrality.[66] In 1977, Guindon was described in media reports as being furious with McEwen, the man he appointed as interim national president for having engineered the "patch over".[36] Guidnon later recalled: "I couldn't do anything about it. Fuck was I mad. Especially at him [McEwen]. Stool pigeon motherfucker".[63] From within the Millhaven prison, Guindon placed a bounty on McEwen, promising to pay $10,000 dollars as the reward for killing McEwen.[67] Guindon spent hours punching his bed in fury as he wished his bed was McEwen.[63] McEwen's house in St. Catherine's was shot up by the Satan's Choice in a failed assassination attempt.[68]

On 5 December 1977, the Popeyes of Montreal "patched over" to become the first Hells Angel chapter in Canada.[69] On 17 February 1978, Trudeau, who was now with the Hells Angels, shot two Outlaws outside of a Montreal bar, killing one of them, Robert Côté.[70] The shooting caused a biker war between the Outlaws and the Hells Angels that was to last until 1984.[70] Between 1978 and 1983, the "psychopathic killer" Trudeau killed 18 out of the 23 Outlaws slain in Montreal during the conflict.[71] By 1980, it was estimated that the Angels-Outlaw biker war had caused about 20 murders in Quebec and Ontario since 1978 while between 1981 and 1984 another 42 were killed.[72] The Montreal chapter of Satan's Choice who had "patched over" to join the Outlaws in 1977, believing that this would improve their status within the underworld, had been "virtually exterminated" by the Hells Angels by 1984.[73] One consequence of the biker war was that the Outlaws did not wish to take on Satan's Choice, which enjoyed a respite despite its weakened status. The possibility of Satan's Choice "patching over" to join the Hells Angels ensured that through the Outlaw-Satan's Choice relationship was tense and always difficult, the Outlaws never wanted to apply too much pressure against the Choice least they join the Hells Angels.[74]

The only consolation for Guindon was that McEwen as the first national president of the Canadian Outlaws proved to be a total failure as the American Outlaws expelled him after he was caught embezzling some $30,000 dollars he was supposed to pay to them.[64] Fearing he might be killed if he stayed in Ontario, McEwen fled to Alberta where he ended up working as a dishwasher at a restaurant located in a Calgary hotel.[64] McEwen joined the Chosen Few biker gang and was again caught stealing, causing the other members of the Chosen Few to be almost beat him to death with his artificial leg.[75] In 1980 McEwen abandoned biking to become a dishwasher.[75] McEwen died on 27 January 2012 in Saskatoon, Saskatewan.[76]

The Port Hope 8 case

The Golden Hawk Riders of Port Hope were a small club of 7 members, and were considering "patching over" to join the Outlaws.[77] In the aftermath of the split of 1977, relations between the Outlaws and Satan's Choice were very unfriendly.[78] Several members of Satan' Choice warned the Golden Hawk Riders, including their sergeant-at-arms, Bill "Heavy" Matiyek, who had a reputation as a hothead, not to go through with the planned "patch over", a demand that Matiyek rejected.[79] Port Hope is a small town close to Oshawa and an Outlaw chapter in Port Hope would threaten the profits from the drug trade enjoyed by the Satan's Choice Oshawa chapter. Port Hope is less than a half an hour away by automobile from Oshawa.[80]

Brian Brideau, a petty criminal and an associate of Satan's Choice was in the bar-room of the Queen's Hotel in Port Hope on the night of 18 October 1978 when he encountered Matiyek drinking with two Outlaws.[81] Brideau was a drug addict who annoyed many with his incessant begging for money and Matiyek, who greatly disliked him, proceeded to beat him up and throw him out of the Queen's Hotel.[81] Brideau sought revenge by calling Satan's Choice's Peterborough chapter from the phone booth outside the Queen's Hotel.[81] A member of the Peterborough chapter, Richard Sauvé, took the phone call from Brideau, saying that Matiyek was drinking with two Outlaws, Fred Jones and Sonny Bronson, at the Queen's Hotel and wanted to see an officer of the Peterborough chapter that night.[82] Sauvé choose to accept the challenge, but unwilling to face Matiyek with only Merv "Indian" Blaker of the Peterborough chapter as an ally, Sauvé called the other chapters for help.[83] Blaker, who owned his moniker to the fact that an Ojibwe was felt to be too easy-going for a possible bar fight.[83] While Sauvé and Blaker drove west to Port Hope, several members of the Toronto chapter abandoned drinking and watching a hockey game at their clubhouse to head east to Port Hope.[84]

As the Choice members entered the Queen's Hotel at about 10:00 pm, Gayle Thompson, one of the waitresses present who recognized some of the bikers as she had served them before, reminded the owner of the Queen's Hotel, Leo Powell, that Satan's Choice's members were banned from the hotel owing to past unruly behavior.[85] Thompson advised calling the police, but Powell decided to let them stay as the bar was almost empty that night and he felt he needed their money[85] A confrontation between the Golden Hawk Rider Matiyek and the two Outlaws vs. the Satan's Choice members in the bar-room began soon after.[86] Sauvé sat down with Matiyek and quickly learned that he did not want to see him as he instead flashed his gun and said he had "9 friends", which was interpreted to mean that he had 9 bullets in his gun.[79] Matiyek who was drunk and high on marijuana and amphetamines was talking about shooting the Satan's Choice members in the Queen's Hotel bar-room causing Lorne Campbell of the Choice's Toronto chapter to come to their aid.[87] Campbell had heard that Matiyek had a gun and he brought along a gun to the Queen's Hotel.[87] The confrontation in the bar-room ended with guns being drawn and Campbell shooting and killing Matiyek at about 10:55 pm.[87] Campbell claims that Matiyek had reached for his gun first, leading him to open fire.[87]

Much of the police investigation was slapdash with the detectives taking no fingerprints from the crime scene while interviewing the witnesses as a group instead of individually.[88] Subsequently, four Choice members were charged with Matiyek's murder, but not Campbell.[89] Corporal Terry Hall of the OPP's Special Squad who took charge of the investigation on 27 October 1978 seems to have decided to use Matiyek's death as a chance to cripple Satan's Choice by convicting as many bikers as possible of his murder.[90] Hall's investigative methods were heterodox and contrary to accepted standards, but what mattered to him was providing the evidence to convict as many Satan's Choice bikers as possible.[91] Ultimately, eight members of Satan's Choice were charged with the murder.[92] The Crown Attorney at the trial, Chris Meinhardt, presented the case as a first-degree murder, calling it "a foul, horrible, planned execution."[93] During the trial, Campbell testified that he had killed Matiyek and the eight accused were innocent.[94] Campbell had been convicted of perjury once and as a result, the jury distrusted him.[95] Some of the evidence that emerged during the trial such as the fact that the same bullet that killed Matiyek was found lodged inside of the body of one of the accused, Gary "Nutty" Comeau, supported the defense.[96] The defense lawyers argued that Comeau could not have possibly fired the same bullet that went through Matiyek's head that also ended in his side, leading the prosecution to change its thesis midway through the trial to now claim that there had been two gunmen instead of one as first claimed.[96] The journalist Jerry Langton wrote that the trial was "comical" as some of the witnesses for the Crown "changed their testimony three or even four times...Much of the Crown's evidence contradicted itself".[97] The fact that none of the accused took the stand did not help their case as juries tend to be very suspious of defendants who excised their right not to testify.[95]

The conviction of six of the eight accused of Matiyek's murder despite Campbell's testimony on the witness stand that he had killed him was highly controversial in 1979 and remains so.[98] At the time, a journalist wrote "Who actually fired the gun was never established..." at the trial.[93] Comeau and Sauvé were convicted of first-degree murder while the other four were convicted of second-degree murder.[93] Two of the convicted, Sauvé and Blaker, came from the Choice's Peterborough chapter. At the same time, another four members of the Choice's Peterborough chapter were also convicted of separate charges. The Peterborough chapter, which was already the weakest chapter, was effectively crippled as a result of losing six members to the prisons, being reduced down to a shadowy existence.[99] The Queen's Hotel was renamed the Walton Hotel to avoid the associations with the murder.[100]

The Port Hope case became the subject of a best-selling 1988 book Conspiracy of Brothers by the American journalist Mick Lowe and the 1990 protest song Justice in Ontario by the American singer Steve Earle.[101] The lawyers for one of the Satan's Choice members convicted of Matiyek's murder, David "Tee Hee" Hoffmann, were able in 1981 to prove on the basis of police intercepts of Hoffmann's telephone calls that he was making phone calls in Kitchener on the night of 18 October 1978 and thus was not in Port Hope as the prosecution had claimed at the trial.[102] The fact that the police had these intercepts all along was controversial and Lowe feels that Hoffmann should never have been charged with Matiyek's murder, let alone convicted.[102] Hoffman was the treasurer of the Choice chapter in Kitchener and had known Hall since 1974, having very unfriendly relations with him.[103] Hoffmann was indicted for murder as a way to pressure him to turn Crown's evidence and testify against his club. In 1983, Hoffmann was acquitted on an appeal with a judge ruling that the Crown had acted badly by not disclosing to Hoffman's lawyer that it had the audio tapes proving he was in Kitchener the night of the murder.[104] Sauvé later became a noted prisoners' rights activist who in 1993 won a decade-long legal fight ending at the Supreme Court of Canada to give prisoners the right to vote.[101] The last of the "Port Hope 6" to be acquitted was Comeau, who was freed on 8 September 2000.[95]

Increasing pressure on Satan's Choice

In the decades following the alignment of Satan's Choice with the Outlaws, particularly the late 1980s and 1990s, the club would eventually find itself falling into a steady decline in both numbers and influence. One of the reasons for this was a renewed effort by law enforcement, particularly in Ontario, to prosecute the club for their criminal activities. An early example of this was a series of police raids in 1983 in Madoc that discovered a methamphetamine factory operated jointly by Satan's Choice and the Para-Dice Riders that produced about $3.6 million worth of methamphetamine per month.[105] Another set of raids in 1984 seized two small-caliber handguns, marijuana & marijuana oil, and a small amount of cocaine from 4 private residences in Scarborough.[106] In 1981, Satan's Choice made an alliance with the Lobos and the Chosen Few gangs to improve their bargaining power against their rivals, the Outlaws.[74] On 19 November 1984, Guindon was released on parole for good behavior and despite his parole conditions, resumed his association with his club.[107] Guindon went to Windsor to beat up Bill Hulko, the former president of the Choice chapter who had gone over to the Outlaws in 1977.[108] Putting his boxing skills to good use, Guindon recalled: "I soaked him right in the fucking head...He did nothing...I just wanted to see where his balls were. He didn't have his balls that fucking day".[109] Between 1985 and 1988, Guindon opened up four new chapters in Ontario, adding about 95 new members.[110] By the 1980s, Satan's Choice had moved into selling cocaine and a pipeline was opened to move cocaine from Toronto to Alberta, where many oil workers used cocaine to ease the tedium of their jobs.[110] Through Satan's Choice was not as powerful as it once been, the club was described as still having a "cocky attitude" in the 1980s and 1990s, being the second most powerful club in Ontario after the Outlaws.[111]

Starting in 1981 Kevin Roy Hawkins worked as an anti-biker police detective in Kitchener who spent much time pursuing the Kitchener chapter of Satan's Choice.[112][113] Hawkins saw a stripper named Cherie Graham perform at the Breslau Hotel in Breslau, Ontario in March 1984 and fell in love with her, abandoning his wife later that spring to move in with Graham.[113] Through Graham, Hawkins got to know the president of her stripper agency, Claude "Gootch" Morin, who was also the president of Satan's Choice's Kitchener chapter.[114] As Hawkins was deeply in debt owing to the costs associated with his divorce, he began to sell information to Morin.[114] Morin paid him $5, 000 dollars in cash at their first meeting and promised another $10, 000 dollars in cash if his information proved to be useful.[113] Hawkins told Morin about a police raid planned against the Hamilton chapter of Satan's Choice and based on the information he provided, Morin was able to deduce who was the informer, whom he promptly had killed.[113] Detective John Harris of the Hamilton police stated about the murder: "At first we thought it was a drug deal gone bad. But when Hawkins went down, we were all more careful about what we said".[113]

In March 1987, Graham contacted the police, alleging that Hawkins was physically abusive and was involved with Satan' Choice.[112] Hawkins and Morin were charged with corruption and obstruction of justice on 29 January 1988 and at Hawkins's preliminary inquiry on 7–8 September 1988, Graham testified against him.[112] However, Hawkins then married Graham on 31 March 1989 and at subsequent preliminary inquiry hearings she claimed she had committed perjury at the instigation of the detectives and Crown Attorneys at the first preliminary inquiry hearings in 1988.[112] Over the following years, the Crown sought to use Graham's initial 1988 statements as evidence for the trial while the lawyers for Hawkins and Morin sought to exclude these statements as evidence. The case reached the Supreme Court in 1996, which ruled these statements could be used as evidence.[112] In 1997, the charges against Hawkins and Morin were withdrawn by the Crown following the revelation that the OPP detective investigating them had been in a sexual relationship with Graham at the time, a relationship the prosecutors were aware of, but failed to disclose to the defense lawyers representing Hawkins and Morin.[112] On 18 January 2010, Hawkins won the right to sue the two Crown Attorneys at his trial, Brian Trafford and William Wolski, alleging malicious prosecution.[112] The case was chronicled in the 1998 book The Biker, the Stripper and the Cop by Eugene McCarthy. The Kitchener chapter was generally considered to be the strongest Satan's Choice chapter that had a firm arm-lock on organized crime in the "Tri Cities" of Cambridge, Kitchener and Waterloo from the early 1970s onward.[111] The "Tri Cities" were a wealthy area, and unlike in Toronto the Satan's Choice chapter had a monopoly on organized family in the Waterloo region. In December 1986, the Kitchener chapter ran a full page Christmas ad in the Kitchener Record reading: "Satan's Choice Motorcycle Club would like to take this opportunity to wish everyone in the Waterloo Region a very Merry Christmas and let you know that we are still here and will always be here. Choice Forever Forever Choice!"[111] In December 1987 after complaints from readers the Kitchener Record ceased running what was intended to be an annual ad.[111]

Rival gangs would also begin to target the club. On the night of 3 March 1991, a Satan's Choice biker, Brian "Bo" Beaucage, was beheaded in a Toronto rooming house by a member of the Loners gang, Frank Passarelli, with his body not being found until 7 March.[115] At the time the police expressed no surprise about Beacuage's murder, saying he was a violent and disagreeable man, and the only surprise was that it took this long for somebody to saw off his head with a kitchen knife.[115] On 5 September 1992 in Sudbury, the local Satan's Choice chapter was involved in a brawl with the Black Diamond Riders at a baseball park that put 8 of the Riders into the hospital.[116] In November 1993, in what appeared to be an attempt to undermine Guindon's leadership of Satan's Choice, the Hells Angels national president Walter Stadnick met in Thunder Bay with several Satan's Choice chapter presidents, most notably Andre Wattel of the Kitchener chapter.[117] As the Kitchener chapter was the most powerful and wealthiest chapter, Wattel had an oversized say in the running of Satan's Choice.

In 1995, Satan's Choice made an alliance with the Diablos, a club led by a former Choice member, Frank Lenti, resulting in a biker war in the summer of 1995 with the Loners Motorcycle Club, a club founded by Lenti who had been expelled from it the previous year.[118] The Satan's Choice clubhouse on Kintyre Avenue in Toronto was hit by a rocket launcher fired by the Loners on 1 August 1995.[119] Two weeks after their clubhouse was hit by a rocket launcher, Satan's Choice fired a rocket launcher at the Loners' clubhouse in Toronto.[111] Despite the lucid headlines in the newspapers, Satan's Choice was not committed to an all-out struggle against the Loners, and Lorne Campbell made an agreement with the Loners that all of York Region north of Highway 7 was a "no war zone".[120] On 25 August 1995, Lenti was badly wounded by a bomb planted in his car, which marked the end of the biker war.[121] With Lenti in the hospital, the Diabos collapsed. The mayor of Toronto, Barbara Hall, unaware that the war was over, attempted to ban all outlaw bikers from Toronto.[121] Langton wrote the "frequently hysterical Toronto media" vastly exaggerated the amount of violence, causing Hall's overreaction.[121] Her attempt to shut down the Satan's Choice clubhouse in Toronto proved impossible due to the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, leading her to try to have the city of Toronto buy the clubhouse in order to shut it down.[121] The Choice set an absurdly high price for the clubhouse, which caused much controversy in Toronto when Hall indicated her willingness to pay it.[121] The controversy is believed to have been a factor in Hall's defeat in her 1997 reelection bid.

Making matters worse, the club was in just the next year targeted by a major police operation dubbed Project Dismantle, which involved almost 300 officers from the Ontario Provincial Police (OPP), as well as the municipal police forces of Halton, Durham, Hamilton-Wentworth, Waterloo, Sudbury, and Metropolitan Toronto.[122] In May 1996, the OPP launched Project Dismantle, charging 161 people associated with Satan's Choice with 1, 192 violations of the criminal code, mostly relating to narcotics while seizing drugs with a street value of $1.05 million together with two marijuana labs capable of producing crops with an annual yield worth $13.8 million.[111] The purpose of Project Dismantle was to convict every member, associate and girlfriend of Satan's Choice to which end about 250, 000 phone conversations were recorded while seizing some $3 million in cash and property.[123] The clubhouses in Hamilton and Toronto were seized as the proceeds of crime.[123] The chapters that suffered the most from Operation Dismantle were the ones in Hamilton, Sudbury, Thunder Bay and Milton while the other chapters escaped relatively unscrathed.[124]

The result of the Project Dismantle raids included the seizure of marijuana plants and hydroponic equipment valued at 11 million dollars, as well as more than $125 000 cash and over $265 000 worth of other drugs including Cocaine.[122] The police forces also seized a variety of firearms, including 12 handguns, 5 non-restricted rifles, and 7 restricted weapons such as automatic pistols, sawed-off shotguns, and even machine guns such as a World War 2-era Bren gun and tripod.[122] In Sudbury the operation specifically targeted the local chapter of Satan's Choice and members of the Hamilton chapter, which all but wiped these chapters out. This specific part of the operation involved a police surveillance operation that caught the members of the club discussing the bombing of a strip club who had disrespected several members of the club.[125] Many of the members of these chapters found themselves in prison or otherwise leaving the club, with the Sudbury chapter being reduced to just 3 full members from the peak of 8 members and 2 "hangarounds".[125] Unfortunately for those involved with Project Dismantle, no convictions were ever given as a result of the charges and arrests stemming from this operation. This was partly as a result of most of the wiretap evidence being excluded in September 2003 after Justice John McDonald of the Ontario Superior Court found that a senior OPP detective lied to five different Superior Court justices to get the wiretaps approved in addition to destroying other evidence.[126] As a result of Project Dismantle, Satan's Choice membership fell from 135 in 1995 down to 70 in September 1998.[123]

Ion Croitoru, a thuggish professional wrestler and the president of Satan's Choice Hamilton chapter responded to Project Dismantle by blowing up a police station in Sudbury on 15 December 1996.[127] Len Isnor of the OPP's Anti-Biker Unit was not impressed with Croitoru, calling him "just stupid".[128] However, Croitoru's career in professional wrestling made him a local celebrity in Hamilton and to a lesser extent elsewhere in Ontario.[129] By contrast, Isnor described Michel Dubé, the president of the Choice's Sudbury chapter, as one of the most dangerous outlaw bikers in Ontario, a man with a "crazed look" in his eyes that reminded many of Charles Manson.[128] It was apparently Croitoru's intention to blow up the Solid Gold strip club because he and Dubé had been refused admittance earlier that year, but Dubé diverted the plan into blowing up the police station instead.[130] According to those who knew him, Dubé's fondest wish was to attach a powerful bomb to a loaded fuel tanker and to drive it in a suicide attack into a police station in order to kill himself and as many policemen as possible.[130] The bombing occurred at 2 am just after a Christmas party and only one police dispatcher was wounded by the blast.[131] The bombing of the police station resulted in Isnor ordering a general crackdown on Satan's Choice, arresting all of them.[132] Croitoru was convicted of trafficking in steroids and for having the bomb built while Dubé who was facing charges of two counts of murder plus charges relating to the bombing hanged himself in jail on 22 September 1998.[132] Dubé was facing one count of first degree murder charge relating to the 1988 murder of Claude Briere, who was a prominent drug dealer in Sudbury.[132] Dubé was also the main suspect in the 1996 murder of Alexander Sretenovic aka "Alex Atso".[132] Briere disappeared in September 1988 and his corpse was found three weeks later on 17 October 1988 while Sretenovic disappeared on 14 August 1996 after boasting about how he helped Dubé kill Briere.[133] Isnor was dismissive of Satan's Choice by the 1990s, saying: "Satan's Choice were never the big guys, they were nickel and dime. The Loners were always Stadnick's favorites".[132]

As a result of Project Dismantle, the level of screening for new members fell off and the Oshawa chapter accepted Steven "Hannibal" Gault.[123] The club's rules required that a new member be sponsored by a member who had known him for at least five years; Gault's sponsor William Lavoie had only known him for five months and had been bribed in the form of $20, 000 dollars by Gault to say otherwise.[123] Gault was a career criminal who specialized in cheating senior citizens out of their life savings and had joined Satan's Choice with the aim of selling them out to the police.[134] Gault sold information to the police about first Satan's Choice and then the Hells Angels until 2006.[135] Gault, who once bit off a man's ear in a bar fight was described by his ex-wife Linda Sebastiao: "After he got his full patch he thought he was king of the world."[136] Gault was paid $1 million by the Ontario government for his work as an informer and as of 2011 he was delinquent in paying children support.[136]

Alliance and merger with the Hells Angels

The arrangement with the Outlaws also resulted in Satan's Choice becoming a target of the Hells Angels, who happened to be the Outlaws' main rivals. The Hells Angels had for decades been prevented from expanding from Quebec into Ontario by the Outlaws.[1] The split of 1977 caused Satan's Choice to favor the Angels against the Outlaws. However, Guindon whose Canadian nationalism was described as "almost a mania" repeatedly turned down offers all through the 1990s made by Hells Angels' national president Walter Stadnick to have Satan's Choice "patch over" to the Hells Angels.[65] Guindon who besides for being an outlaw biker had also been a professional boxer and by the late 1990s he was beginning to suffer from brain damage caused by his boxing career.[137] Increasingly, Andre Wattel, the president of the Choice's Kitchener chapter, began to exercise leadership and Wattel, unlike Guindon, was much more open to joining the Hells Angels.[137]

Satan's Choice, under their new club president Andre Wattel, decided to join the Hells Angels and abandon their own club's identity and autonomy because it would mutually benefit their criminal enterprises.[138] Satan's Choice, along with most of the other major Ontario biker gangs, including the Loners, Lobos, and Para-Dice Riders, "patched over" to the Hells Angels on December 29, 2000. This overnight placed the Hells Angels in a position of dominance in Ontario, and in effect put an end to any independent existence of the Satan's Choice Motorcycle Club.[139] However, many former members of Satan's Choice would remain active criminals after the club was dismantled, such as the former president of the Hamilton chapter Ion Croitoru, who would be charged but not convicted of the murder of Lynn and Fred Gilbank in January 2005.[140] The Outlaws would later find their Ontario operations crippled by Project Retire of September 2002, an undertaking by Ontario police targeting the club.[141]

In July 2017, a new biker gang calling themselves Satan's Choice emerged using the same patch, but otherwise not connected to Satan's Choice.[142] Donny Petersen, the leader of the Hells Angels, used his Facebook page to attack the new club, writing: "Those who take a patch from a respected club, one that has history, courage, who has paid their dues, died, done time and all the rest...like what are you thinking? You are pretenders".[142] Lorne Campbell stated that it was "insult" for the new club to use the name and patch of the former Satan's Choice and predicted violence.[142] A spokesman for the group stated that they were considering changing their name.[142]

Filmography

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  • Lowe, Mick (1988). Conspiracy of Brothers: A True Story of Bikers, Murder and the Law. Toronto: Vintage Canada. ISBN 0345813162.
  • McCarthy, Eugene (1998). The Biker the Stripper and the Cop: A True Story. New Hamburg: English Garden Publishers. ISBN 0969887361.
  • Melcher, Graeme (2018). "Rebellion on the Road and Outlaw Biker Clubs in Postwar Ontario". In Peter Gossage; Robert Rutherdale (eds.). Making Men, Making History: Canadian Masculinities across Time and Place. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. pp. 364–382. ISBN 0774835664.
  • Schneider, Stephen (2009). Iced: The Story of Organized Crime in Canada (2nd ed.). Toronto: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0470835001.
  • Wolf, David (1991). The Rebels: A Brotherhood of Outlaw Bikers. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0802073638.
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