Sayyid Fakhr al-Din

Sayyid Fakhr al-Din (Persian: سید فخرالدین‎) was a Mar'ashi prince, who ruled the region of Rustamdar from 1381 to 1390. He shared power with his three other brothers; Kamal al-Din I in Sari; Rida al-Din in Amul; and Sharaf al-Din in Karatughan. Together, they ruled a realm encompassing all of Mazandaran, reaching as far west to the city of Qazvin.[1] They had inherited this realm from their father Mir-i Buzurg (r. 1359–1362), the founder of the Mar'ashis.[2]

Sayyid Fakhr al-Din
Ruler of Rustamdar
Reign	1381–1390
Predecessor	Adud al-Dawla Qubad (Baduspanids)
Successor	Sa'd al-Dawla Tus (Baduspanids)
Died	1400s Kashghar
Dynasty	Mar'ashis
Father	Mir-i Buzurg
Religion	Twelver Shia Islam

Rustamdar had originally been part of the Baduspanids, however, shortly after the accession of the Baduspanid ruler Adud al-Dawla Qubad (r. 1379–1381), the Mar'ashis accused him of being uncooperative and mistreating the dervishes of their order. Intenting to incorporate Rustamdar into their domains, Fakhr al-Din defeated Qubad and seized the coastal parts of Rustamdar in 1380.[3]

A year later (1381), a Mar'ashi force defeated and killed Qubad at a battle at Laktor. The fortress of Kojur was conquered and made the permanent residence of Fakhr al-Din; the Mar'ashis were now the masters of all of Mazandaran. The Baduspanids were temporarily ousted from power, until almost a decade later in 1390, when Kamal al-Din I installed Sa'd al-Dawla Tus on the Baduspanid throne in Rustamdar to challenge the Afrasiyabid prince Iskandar-i Shaykhi who accompanied the Turco-Mongol ruler Timur (r. 1370–1405), who intended to conquer Mazandaran.[3][1]

However, Tus secretly corresponded with Iskandar-i Shaykhi, and eventually joined the forces of Timur in 1392. The following year (1393), Timur dislodged the Mar'ashis and conquered Mazandaran.[4] He split up their territories between rival families and Timurid governors.[5] Tus managed to convince him to spare the Mar'ashi family; they were deported instead, while Iskandar-i Shaykhi was appointed governor of Mazandaran.[3][4] By the time of Timur's death in 1405, Fakhr al-Din and Kamal al-Din had died in Kashghar.[6]

References

1. Calmard 1991, pp. 511–512.
2. Calmard 1991, pp. 510–512.
3. Madelung 1988, pp. 385–391.
4. Bosworth 1984, pp. 742–743.
5. Manz 2007, p. 137.
6. Calmard 1991, p. 512.

Sources

• Bosworth, C. E. (1984). "Āl-e Afrāsīāb". Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. I, Fasc. 7. New York. pp. 742–743.
• Calmard, J (1991). "Marʿas̲h̲is". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VI: Mahk–Mid. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-08112-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Madelung, Wilferd (1988). "Baduspanids". Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. III, Fasc. 4. New York. pp. 385–391.
• Manz, Beatrice Forbes (2007). Power, Politics and Religion in Timurid Iran. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-46284-6.