School security

School security encompasses all measures taken to combat threats to people and property in education environments.[1] One term connected to school security is school safety, which is defined as the sheltering of students from violence and bullying, as well as exposure to harmful elements such as drugs and gang activity.[2] Along with other public places, schools are at risk for invasion from outside as well as attacks from students or faculty because of the high traffic of potential assailants and availability of victims.

Safety threats
Main article: School violence

Shootings and bombings

In the US, as of January 2018, since 1990, at least 240 school shootings have occurred. School shootings have a 450% increase in the past 30 years, in which there were only 53 shootings.[3] School bombings are less frequent at 22 in 2016, but according to the US Bomb Data Center, education related buildings are over twice as threatened than any other target.[4] Over 74% of education related threats were middle schools, junior high, and high schools. Due to safety threats, during the 2013-2014 school year, reports say 93% of public schools lock or monitor doors and gates as a means of controlling access to the school;[5] this is an 18% increase since the turn of the century.[6] Metal detectors are installed at many entrances of public schools to deter students from bringing weaponry into schools.[7]

Vandalism

Vandalism is often a problem for schools as they are an easy target. What constitutes vandalism varies among reports, which makes it difficult to get an accurate view of the extent of vandalism. However, vandalism generally refers to damage to property (graffiti, etc.) and break-ins. The Center for Problem Oriented Policing categorizes break-ins as being of three types: nuisance break-ins, where a break-in is done just for the sake of it; professional break-ins, with an intent of theft; and malicious break-ins, where damage is caused out of spite.[8] Solutions for preventing vandalism include providing after-school and evening programs to engage youth that are loitering, improving lighting, adding security patrols, and education for students on anti-vandalism.[9]

Policies on vandalism in New Zealand

see Education in New Zealand

The New Zealand government provides funding to public schools to repair vandalism. This funding comes from different sources depending on the type of damage that occurs. Two important guidelines regarding vandalism repair are that it must "be carried out immediately, and comply with Ministry standards."[10]

Bullying
Main article: School bullying

The National Center for Education Statistics reports that in the U.S., 20.8% of students ages 12–18 experienced bullying at school in 2014-15.[11] Prevention for bullying by parents, teachers, and other adults includes talking to students about bullying, modeling treating others with kindness, and helping students get involved in something they are passionate about. Helping students understand the importance of bully reporting and learning ways to stop others from bullying can also be effective.[12]

Between the ages of 11-15, in most countries around the world, boys are bullied more than girls. As reported by Young People's Health in Context, in Israel, almost twice as many boys ages 13–15 are bullied than girls; Belgium has a difference nearly as high. On average, bullying tends to peak at age 13. Lithuania experiences the highest level of bullying, with an average of 63.6% for girls between the ages of 11-15, and an average of 65% for boys between the ages of 11-15. Sweden experiences the lowest level of bullying, with an average of 14.7% for girls between 11-15, and an average of 15.3% for boys between 11-15.[13]

Security measures

The National School Boards Association states that ensuring safety and security in schools is the primary responsibility of every school district.[14]

School Resource Officers

As we see a rise in gang and drug activity among other safety threats in our schools, there has been an increase in police presence on school campuses. In 2014 the National Center for Education Statistics reported that 43% of schools in the U.S. had School Resource Officers on their campuses anywhere from once a week to full-time hours of operation.[15]

School Resource Officers, also known as S.R.O.s, are often responsible for teaching a gang-resistance program to students. Commonly referred to as G.R.E.A.T., this program has been shown to be 39% effective at deterring at-risk youth from becoming involved in gangs or gang-related activity.[16]

Some of these S.R.O.s are accompanied by dogs that are fully trained in drug and bomb sniffing. Although this could be potentially helpful, especially in the drug culture among students, it is a highly controversial issue as some believe it may go against Fourth (and possibly Fifth) Amendment Rights.[17]

Surveillance

Digital surveillance technology monitoring students, staff and visitors is currently being employed in schools around the world. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, by 2014, an average of 80% of secondary schools in the United States had installed security cameras. This was over 300% increase compared to the 19% of public educational facilities using video surveillance in 2000.[5] Closed-circuit television (CCTV), the most common type of video monitoring system, is also reported to be prevalent in the United Kingdom and Australia.[18] A possible 85-90% of secondary schools used CCTV in Britain, according to statistics claimed by Big Brother Watch. Cameras are also installed on buses to prevent violence, theft, illegal activity by students or drivers and as evidence against motorists who violate traffic laws regarding school buses.[19]

In the new wave of technology, cyber-security has also become a concern as schools try to balance advancement in students' technological skills with the possibilities for misuse of borrowed devices and breeches in school servers.[20]

Identification cards and badges

Student and faculty ID cards and/or badges are a possible way of improving school security. They allow school authorities to know immediately that the people carrying or wearing ID belong there.[21] Student ID cards can help monitor student location.[22] Tracking students through tracking chips has been controversial, however, due to concerns for privacy.[23]

Identification badges for visitors to schools can alleviate confusion about who someone unfamiliar is, and school authorities will easily be able to determine where the visitor is authorized to go.[24] These visitor badges can also be a way to conduct background checks before the visitor enters a school campus.

ID Cards in Poland
Main article: Polish identity card

Students in schools abroad (outside of Poland) who are learning Polish language or academic subjects taught in Polish are eligible for Polish student ID cards. These cards provide benefits including transportation, museum, and national park discounts while visiting Poland. Students under age 18 can get one of these IDs, as well as teachers of Polish. They are valid for one school year.[25]

Biometrics
This section is an excerpt from Biometrics in schools[edit]
Biometrics in schools is a growing technology in the U.S. education sector. According to TechNavio, biometrics in the education market sector is expected to grow at a rate of 23.65% (CAGR) between 2014 and 2019.[26] Biometrics are unique physical or behavioral characteristics which can be used to automatically identify individuals. Biometric technologies capture, process and measure these characteristics electronically and compare them against existing records to create a highly accurate identity management capability.[27]

School Security Fencing

Within the United Kingdom and around the globe one of the first line of school security measures is the application of a fencing system to control ingress and egress from the school grounds. Recently guidance by NaCTSO is that 'Screen from View' fencing should be adopted on school perimeters to combat the terrorist threat to schools.[28] Within the UK, one of the largest manufacturers and suppliers of School Security Fencing[29] is CLD Fencing Systems. For over 20 years their range of school fencing has provided protection for hundreds of thousands of pupils across England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

OFSTED now includes the perimeter school fencing and physical access control as an area of review in the safeguarding of pupils on school grounds.

References
  1. "Importance of School Safety and Security | Goodwin College". Goodwin College. 2016-11-11. Retrieved 2018-02-03.
  2. "Safety | Safe Supportive Learning". safesupportivelearning.ed.gov. Retrieved 2018-02-04.
  3. Duplechain, Rosalind; Morris, Robert (Winter 2014). "School Violence: Reported School Shootings and Making Schools Safer". Education. 135: 145–150 – via EBSCOhost.
  4. "United States Bomb Data Center Explosive Incident Report". ATF.gov. 2016.
  5. "The NCES Fast Facts Tool provides quick answers to many education questions (National Center for Education Statistics)". nces.ed.gov. Retrieved 2018-02-04.
  6. Kennedy, Mike (June 2016). "Stepping Up Security". American School & University. 88: 14–18 – via EBSCOhost.
  7. "Government Gives Go-Ahead to Metal Detectors in Schools." Education (14637073), no. 243, 20 Oct. 2006, pp. 3-5. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=22828299&site=ehost-live&scope=site
  8. Miller, Linda S.; Hess, Karen M.; Orthmann, Christine M.H. (2010). Community Policing: Partnerships for Problem Solving (6th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 362. ISBN 978-1435488687.
  9. Thomas, Robert Murray (2006). Violence in America's Schools: Understanding, Prevention, and Responses. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 159–160. ISBN 0275993299.
  10. "Vandalism funding to repair school property". Education in New Zealand. July 14, 2017. Retrieved 2018-02-01.
  11. Lessne, Deborah; Yanez, Christina (December 2016). "Student Reports of Bullying". National Center for Education Statistics.
  12. "How to Prevent Bullying". StopBullying.gov. September 8, 2017. Retrieved 2018-02-03.
  13. Craig, Wendy M.; Harel, Yossi. "Bullying, physical fighting and victimization" (PDF). Young People's Health in Context: 138.
  14. "School Safety, Security, and Emergency Preparedness | National School Boards Association". www.nsba.org. Retrieved 2018-02-01.
  15. Gray, Lucinda; Lewis, Laurie (May 2015). "Public School Safety and Discipline 2013-14" (PDF).
  16. Higgins, Brian (September 2015). "Helping At-Risk Youth Say "No" to Gangs" (PDF). National Institute of Justice (275): 3.
  17. Darden, Edwin C. (April 5, 2006). "Search and seizure, due process, and public schools".
  18. Nemorin, Selena (2017) Post-panoptic pedagogies: the changing nature of school surveillance in the digital age. Surveillance and Society, 15 (2). pp. 239-253. ISSN 1477-7487
  19. "School Bus Safety is a Shared Responsibility". NEA. Retrieved 2018-02-02.
  20. Borja, Rhea R. (18 January 2006). "Education news". Education Week. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  21. Brown, Jessica (November 27, 2013). "Cards let schools, parents keep eye on their students". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2018-02-01.
  22. Ingram, Cinde (August 9, 2017). "School Board Discusses Student ID Cards". High Point Enterprise (NC) – via EBSCOhost.
  23. Ash, Katie (January 29, 2010). "Education Week: Student ID Cards Sport New Digital Features". www.edweek.org. Retrieved 2018-02-01.
  24. Kennedy, Mike (October 2017). "Enhancing School Security". American School and University. 90 (2): 14–17 – via EBSCOhost.
  25. "Student ID cards". newyork.mfa.gov.pl. May 17, 2017. Retrieved 2018-02-01.
  26. Perala, A (14 August 2015). "Biometrics in US education sector to see significant growth". Findbiometrics Global Identity Management. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
  27. "Identity is at the heart of the digital age". ibia.org. International Biometrics & identity Association (IBIA). Retrieved 15 April 2017.
  28. "Crowded places guidance". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2018-08-21.
  29. "School Fencing | Playground Fencing | CLD Fencing Systems". CLD Fencing. Retrieved 2018-08-21.
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