Sex and Culture

Sex and Culture is a book by J. D. Unwin concerning the correlation between a society's level of 'cultural achievement' and its level of sexual restraint. Published in 1934, the book concluded with the theory that as societies develop, they become more sexually liberal, diminishing the social entropy of the society, along with its "creative" and "expansive" energy.[1][2]

Content

Unwin's study of 80 native cultures and 6 civilizations led him to conclude that the governing factor of the cultural achievement of a society is largely determined by the loosening of sexual conventions and the lessening of monogamous relationships. He purports that through stricter sex conventions and abstinence, nations could channel their sexual energy into aggressive expansion, conquering "less energetic" countries, as well as into art, science, reform and other indicators of a high cultural achievement.[3]

Unwin categorises the civilisations into four categories in order to assess their developmental status in comparison to each other. The categories are, from the lowest level of sexual restraint to the highest, 'zoistic', 'manistic', 'deistic' and 'rationalistic'. Unwin bases his categories on certain social phenomena that he observed in his study of the 86 world cultures, phenomena that he found coincided with varying levels of prenuptial chastity:

  • Zoistic: He describes societies that do not practice any form of prenuptial chastity as being in the zoistic condition.
  • Manistic: He describes societies that did not practice prenuptial chastity or who practiced limited chastity and who payed respects to the dead ('tendance') as being in the manistic cultural condition.
  • Deistic: He describes societies in which prenuptial chastity was practiced and who built temples and who had priests as deistic.[4]
  • Rationalistic: Unwin does not give a precise definition of what constitutes a rationalistic culture but describes it as the cultural condition that emerges when a society has been in the deistic condition for long enough to appreciate "a new conception of the power in the universe, based on the yet unknown" that is the result of a widening scope of understanding of the natural. Unwin writes that "such a society is in the rationalistic condition. The advance to that condition depends not only on the reduction of sexual opportunity but also upon its preservation at a minimum."[5] According to Unwin, among the studied cultures, only three can be considered to have reached the rationalistic cultural state before entering a cultural decline: the Athenians, Romans and English.[6]

The book concludes with the assertion that, in order to maintain a rationalistic society, sexual drive should be controlled and shifted to more productive work. Unwin notes that women should enjoy the same legal rights as men and that the condition for a high level of cultural achievement lies in restricting prenuptial sexual opportunity rather than a state of patriarchy, although the two have historically coincided.

From a superficial study of the available data it might be thought that the questions of female subjection and parental power are indissolubly allied to that of female continence; but actually their alliance in the past has been due to the chance factor that sexual opportunity has never been reduced to a minimum except by depriving women and children of their legal status. It is historically true to say that in the past social energy has been purchased at the price of individual freedom, for it has never been displayed unless the female of the species has sacrificed her rights as an individual and unless children have been treated as mere appendages to the estate of the male parent; but it would be rash to conclude that sexual opportunity cannot be reduced to a minimum under any other conditions. The evidence is that the subjection of women and children is intolerable and therefore temporary; but we should go beyond the evidence if we were to conclude from this fact that compulsory continence also is intolerable and therefore temporary. Such a statement, indeed, is contradicted by the tenor of the whole story.[7]


Reception

Aldous Huxley described Sex and Culture as "a work of the highest importance".[8]

References
  1. Carnot, Sadi (2017). "Joseph Unwin". www.eoht.info. Hmolpedia. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
  2. Unwin, Joseph D. (1934). Sex and Culture. Oxford University Press. p. 412. ISBN 1979867046.
  3. Huxley, Aldous (1938). Ends and Means: An Enquiry Into the Ideals and Into the Methods Employed for their Realization. Transaction Publishers. p. 362.
  4. Unwin, Joseph D. (1934). Sex and Culture. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 34. ISBN 1979867046.
  5. Unwin, Joseph D. (1934). Sex and Culture. Oxford University Press. p. 376. ISBN 1979867046.
  6. Unwin, Joseph D. (1934). Sex and Culture. Oxford University Press. p. 434. ISBN 1979867046.
  7. Unwin, Joseph D. (1934). Sex and Culture. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 384. ISBN 1979867046.
  8. Huxley, Aldous (1946). "Ethics". Ends and Means. London: Chatto & Windus. pp. 311–312.


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