Sexuality in older age

Sexuality in older age concerns the sexual drive, sexual activity, interests, orientation, intimacy, self-esteem, behaviors, and overall sexuality of people in middle age and old age, and the social perceptions concerning sexuality in older age. Older people engage in a variety of sexual acts from time to time for a variety of reasons. Desire for intimacy does not disappear with age, yet there are many restrictions placed on the elderly preventing sexual expressions and discouraging the fulfillment of sexual needs. Sexuality in older age is often considered a taboo, yet it is considered to be quite a healthy practice; however, this stigma can affect how older individuals experience their sexuality. While the human body has some limits on the maximum age for reproduction, sexual activity can be performed or experienced well into the later years of life.

Exchange of affections among seniors in an old people's home

Physical changes

Both male and female libidos tend to decline with increasing age, and women tend to lose their libido faster than men. However, desire for sexual activity is not lost completely. Neither does it decrease for everyone. Menopause, a female biological process, has been linked to a loss of interest in sexual activity and to a desensitization of the genital area.[1] In some cases, vaginal penetration can be painful for older women (see, for example, vaginismus).[2] However, with the advent of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) treatments, the effects of menopause have lessened and women have more opportunities to continue experiencing an active sex life. Similarly, treatments for erectile dysfunction can make it possible for men to enjoy sexual activity again.

Health benefits

It has been suggested that an active sex life can increase longevity among the elderly. Positive sexual health in older age is slowly becoming more of a common place idea with the steady increase in the percentage of the older population. This population percentage increase requires placing more attention on the needs of this age group, including their ideas on sexual health, desires, and attitudes. This shift in attitudes and behaviors has combined with medical advances to prolong a sexually active life and change the landscape of aging sexuality.[3]

Sexual health and expression reflects a physical, mental, and emotional need that affects individual health and intimacy quality for older couples’ relationships. Dr. Syme found that, "Having a sexual partnership, with frequent sexual expression, having a good quality sex life, and being interested in sex have been found to be positively associated with health among middle-aged and older adults."[3]

There are a number of associated health benefits with practicing positive sexual health. Positive sexual health often acts as a de-stressor promoting increased relaxation. Researchers also report health benefits detailing decreased pain sensitivity, improved cardiovascular health, lower levels of depression, increased self-esteem, and better relationship satisfaction.[3] The former could also imply the consequences of negative sexual health and lack of sexual activity, such as depression, low self-esteem, increased frustration, and loneliness.

Health risks and education

There are already numerous health concerns linked primarily with aging, but when sex is added into consideration, this opens up discussion for many other related concerns. Sex and aging come with many challenges for the older population as well as their primary care providers. The task for these care providers is to accommodate to the changing needs of this older sexually active generation.[3]

Common health conditions hindering older adults are illnesses such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, degenerative and rheumatoid arthritis, stroke, cancer, kidney disease, and spinal cord injury. These conditions heavily impact individual sex lives.[3] Separate from these are physical concerns related specifically to sexual health and bodily functions. Researchers gathered that, "the most common concerns for older adult men include erectile dysfunction and premature climax, and older adult women most commonly report lack of desire, problems with vaginal lubrication, sexual pain, and inability to reach orgasm."[3] Consideration of these aging-related health problems and sexual-related health problems together require primary care providers and professionals to be updated on the latest health findings and knowledgeable of patients' needs and possible solutions.

A major problem with improving education and seeking solutions for aging sexual health risks is the lack of verbal discussion on these matters from older aged individuals. "Older adults often avoid seeking help for sexual concerns because of a lack of knowledge about their sexual problems, embarrassment or discomfort talking about sex, and stigma-related beliefs about older adults and sexuality in older age being inappropriate."[3]

Another major problem with improving education and seeking solutions for aging sexual health risks was found after researchers looked at the readiness and training of 777 physicians and 452 nurse practitioners from the American Medical Association Masterfile.[4] Researchers noted that amongst their representative sample there were reports of limited training in sexual health as a general topic. From this information, they assumed that "training that is specific to older patient’s sexual health is limited, if available at all."[4]

The purpose of the study was to test how knowledgeable U.S. primary care providers were on the topics of sexual health and sexuality in older age.[4] The results of the study showcased that U.S. health care providers on average were less knowledgeable than U.S. graduate nursing students on the topics of sexual health and aging sexuality. In a comparison survey, it is also worth noting that they were reported less knowledgeable than Turkish physicians and U.S. OB/GYNs. However, the group reported to be even less knowledgeable on aging sexuality than U.S. primary care providers consisted of nursing home staffs and older adult care workers.[4] Educated health providers are needed to educated the general public and older adults (active and inactive) on sexual health and healthy expression.

Sexually transmitted infections (STDs/STIs) can also be prevalent in later life, despite common misconceptions that STDs only affect younger people and groups. There has been a steady increase in the number of STDs found in elderly individuals in nursing homes and other residential living communities, belying the perception that elderly people do not engage in sexual activity.[5] Many men in older age do not believe they need to use protection, such as condoms, as they age, and their partners often feel likewise, so it can be difficult to stress the importance of continued use of protection for elderly couples.[6] One of the main reasons they develop this opinion is because of the decreased risk of pregnancy, but they often fail to acknowledge that protection is necessary to prevent the circulation of STDs.

Social attitudes
See also: Sex therapy § Aging and sexuality

Sex between elderly people is often treated as a taboo by society. Cultural norms dictated social opinions which painted older adults as being asexual creatures. This opinion was supported and replicated in the media by showing sex only being popular among youth.[7] This attitude has gradually changed because a greater number of people are reaching 55 and above, and are remaining sexually active far into their senior years. The number of seniors in the United States and throughout the world continues to increase rapidly. Back in 1930, less than 6 percent of the U.S. population was over 65 years old. By 1950, the number was 8 percent. By 2015, that number has risen to almost 15 percent. Population experts at the U.S. Bureau of the Census expect the percentage to continue to rise dramatically during the next 20 years, eventually reaching 21 percent by 2050, which is more than one in five. The number of seniors in the United States and throughout the world continues to increase rapidly.[8][9]

While sexual activity itself is a sensitive topic due to its private nature, sexual activity between seniors is often treated with extra care. This attitude is especially common among younger people and it has been suggested that this may be caused by younger people's belief that the lust and ability to have sex diminishes once a perceived primary reason for sex is no longer present.[10]

Even though the topic may be taboo or denied, sexuality in older age has gained visibility in the media.[11][12] Some sources promote "active" and "healthy" sexuality among the elderly,[13] or address issues such as sexuality in retirement homes and assisted living facilities. These representations create in turn social injunctions that position sexual activity as a marker of fulfillment,[14] a discourse already affecting younger people and amplified by various products, pills, and available medical treatments.

Research conducted in the social sciences changes the miserable depiction often made of elders' sexuality.[14] Quantitative and qualitative studies show that sexual satisfaction can improve with age, and they present data such as the following. Half of women are sexually active into old age.[15] Widows either stop any kind of sexual activity, find a new male partner, or choose not to reproduce the same kind of relationship where they take care of a man, instead entering into a nonresidential relationship with a man or in a relationship with another woman, for example.[16] Women and gay men sustain the most pressure to live up to beauty ideals associated with youth.[17] LGBT people suffer from invisibility in retirement homes and assisted-living facilities.[18]

Representation in film and television

To many, The Golden Girls was groundbreaking in its depiction of healthy active sexual lifestyles and frank sexual discussion among seniors.

The concept of active sexual relationships between older people has in recent years become a more mainstream topic. The film Something's Gotta Give starring Jack Nicholson and Diane Keaton explores the relationship that develops between two people in later life.

The HBO series Tell Me You Love Me has caused controversy by showing several explicit sex scenes involving two senior citizen actors on the show, Jane Alexander and David Selby. Presently old aged sex is understood and increasingly accepted in society.

On a related topic, intergenerational relationships, also quite taboo, were the focus of the film Gerontophilia (between a very old and a very young man), and in the last years many TV shows represented "cougars" (middle age women with younger men), for example The Cougar and Cougar Town.

The Netflix original, Grace and Frankie, features Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin as two elderly women recently divorced from their husbands seeking guidance through life with the help of each other. Not only does the show highlight their sexual quests and struggles with their new partners, it also mentions their new partnered business seeking venture to encourage personal, private intimacy for women their age. The "Ménage à Moi", as they have it named, is a vibrator targeting elderly women to use for sexual satisfaction, and the show features the struggles surrounding marketing such a product.

References
  1. ""Sexual psychophysiology and effects of sildenafil citrate in oestrogenised women with acquired genital arousal disorder and impaired orgasm: A randomised controlled trial"" (PDF).
  2. Dennerstein, L.; Dudley, E. & Burger, H. (2001). "Are changes in sexual functioning during midlife due to aging or menopause?" (PDF). Fertility and Sterility. 76 (3): 456–460. doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(01)01978-1. PMID 11532464. Retrieved 2013-07-23. dyspareunia
  3. Syme, Maggie (2014). "The Evolving Concept of Older Adult Sexual Behavior and Its Benefits". Generations. 38 (1): 35–41 – via DISCOVER.
  4. Hughes, Anne (2015). "Aging Sexuality: Knowledge and Perceptions of Preparation Among U.S. Primary Care Providers". Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy. 41 (3): 304–313. doi:10.1080/0092623x.2014.889056. PMID 24512220. S2CID 21265116 – via DISCOVER.
  5. "Sexually transmitted disease rates rise among elderly: Why?".
  6. "Old Age 'Tsar' Promotes Sex". BBC News. 2001-09-13. Retrieved 2006-12-01.
  7. Santos-Iglesias, Pablo (2016). "Sexual well-being of older men and women". Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality. 25 (2): 86–98. doi:10.3138/cjhs.252-a4. S2CID 148420838 – via DISCOVER.
  8. Group, DeLeeuw Research. "My Question - Aging and Myths". www.firepointe.com.
  9. "Seasoned Romance". www.mybestyears.com.
  10. Heath, H (2000). "Sexuality and Continence in Older Women". Elderly Care (3): 32–34.
  11. "Senior Sexuality Is Alive and Well". 14 July 2011.
  12. "How Sex Toys Help Seniors". 20 February 2014.
  13. "Old-age 'tsar' promotes sex". 13 September 2001 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
  14. Bessin, M., Blidon, M. (2011). Déprises sexuelles : penser le vieillissement et la sexualité. Genre, sexualité & société 6 (online).
  15. Trompeter, S. E.; Bettencourt, R.; Barrett-Connor, E. (2012). "Sexual Activity and Satisfaction in Healthy Communitydwelling Older Women". The American Journal of Medicine. 125 (1): 37–43. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.07.036. PMC 3246190. PMID 22195529.
  16. Plaud, C., Sommier, B. (2011). Veuves joyeuses ou honteuses ? Sexualité ou a-sexualité après 60 ans suite à la perte du conjoint. Genre, sexualité & société 6 (online).
  17. Slevin, K. F.; Linneman, T. J. (2010). "Old Gay Men's Bodies and Masculinities". Men and Masculinities. 12 (4): 483–507. doi:10.1177/1097184x08325225. S2CID 145112216.
  18. Chamberland, L (2003). "Plus on Vieillit, Moins Ça Paraît" : Femmes Âgées, Lesbiennes Invisibles". Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health. 22 (2): 85–103. doi:10.7870/cjcmh-2003-0016.
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