Shahar Banu Begum

Shahar Banu Begum (1663 – ?) was Empress consort of the Mughal Empire from 14 March 1707 to 8 June 1707 as the third (and last) wife of Emperor Muhammad Azam Shah. She is popularly known by the titles Padishah Bibi[1] and Padshah Begum.[2]

Shahar Banu Begum
Shahzadi of Bijapur
Padshah Begum
Empress consort of the Mughal Empire
Tenure14 March 1707 – 8 June 1707
Bornc. 1663
Bijapur, India
SpouseMuhammad Azam Shah
Full name
Shahar Banu
HouseOttoman (by birth)
Timurid (by marriage)
FatherAli Adil Shah II
MotherKhurshida Khanum
ReligionIslam

By birth, Shahar Banu was a princess of the Adil Shahi dynasty of Bijapur and was the daughter of Ali Adil Shah II and his consort Khurshida Khanum. She was also the sister of Sikandar Adil Shah,[3] her father's successor and the last ruler of Bijapur (before it was annexed by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb). After she married Aurangzeb's son, she sent a letter to Bijapur Muslim chiefs to loot and plunder the infidels i.e. Hindus and other non Muslim's wealth at the behest of Aurangzeb.

Family and lineage

Shahar Banu Begum was born a princess of the Adil Shahi dynasty of Bijapur and was the daughter of Ali Adil Shah II and his consort Khurshida Khanum. Shahar's paternal grandparents were Mohammed Adil Shah, her father's predecessor and his Queen consort Taj Jahan Begum. Shahar's siblings included her two brothers, the princes Hussain and Sikandar, the latter of whom succeeded her father as King in 1672 at the age of four.

By all accounts, Shahar was greatly loved by the people of Bijapur as well as by her family. She was very beautiful[4] as well as intelligent. To see the princess was a comfort and inspiration to the people of her father's kingdom. She was very graceful, charming, and her smile was reportedly, bewitching. The princess was courageous and devoted to her kingdom for she herself played a great part in her state's defense in 1679 when she was forcibly married for a political alliance.[5]

Marriage

Ali Adil Shah died on 24 November 1672, and with him departed the glory of the Kingdom of Bijapur. He was succeeded by his infant son, the four-year-old Sikandar Adil Shah, a period of anarchy ensued which ended only with the extinction of the dynasty and the independence of the Kingdom in 1686. The weakness and humiliation of Bijapur during this period is illustrated by the defection of 10,000 Bijapuris to the rival Mughal camp and the compulsory submission of Sikandar's sister, Shahar, to the Mughal harem.[6] The promise to hand over the princess to the Mughals was made by Sikandar's regent, Khawas Khan, who was later assassinated for his treachery by his successor Abdul Karim. A peace treaty between Bijapur and the Mughals was signed by the terms of which Princess Shahar was to be wed to the imperial prince, Muhammad Azam Shah, the eldest son and heir-apparent of the reigning Mughal emperor Aurangzeb and his consort Dilras Banu Begum.

The idol of her family and the people of Bijapur, the princess left the city of her birth on 1 July 1679, amidst the wailings of her family and her dear ones to enter her future husband's hated seraglio for it was her willing sacrifice for the welfare of the Bijapuri state.[6] She arrived at the Emperor's court on 4 March 1680 and was married to Muhammad Azam on 26 July 1681.[7] The emperor tied the sehra and Qazi Sheikh-ul-lslam celebrated the marriage in the mosque of Khas & Am (Jama Masjid). In accordance with the example of the Prophet Muhammad (at his marriage with Khadija), the mehr was fixed at 500 dirhams.[8]

Role in Mughal-Bijapur relations

Shortly after her marriage, Shahar was induced by her father-in-law, Aurangzeb, to help pacify the relations between the Mughals and Bijapur by addressing a letter to Sharza Khan, the new regent of her brother so as to dissuade him from throwing his weight in favour of an alliance with the Marathas and to join the Mughals with the common objective of crushing them.[9] The princess, recently married to Prince Azam, complied and sent a personal appeal to Sharza Khan (18 July), saying, "Help the imperialists loyally for the good of the Bijapuri state. Conquer the infidels possessions." But, no reply came. The Bijapuri grandees had entered into a secret alignment with the Maratha king Sambhaji and had strengthened him by a secret alliance.[10]

See also

References
  1. Sharma, Sudha (21 March 2016). The Status of Muslim Women in Medieval India. SAGE Publications India. p. 82. ISBN 978-9-351-50567-9.
  2. Kincaid, Charles Augustus; Pārasanīsa, Dattātraya Baḷavanta (1922). A History of the Maratha People: From the death of Shivaji to the death of Shahu. S. Chand. p. 24.
  3. Sarkar, Sir Jadunath (1972). Sir Jadunath Sarkar birth centenary commemoration volume: English translation of Tarikh-i-dilkasha (Memoirs of Bhimsen relating to Aurangzib's Deccan campaigns). Dept. of Archives, Maharashtra. p. 124.
  4. Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Bijápur. Government Central Press. 1884. p. 431. padshah bibi ali adil shah.
  5. Lal, Muni (1988). Aurangzeb. Vikas Pub. House. p. 245.
  6. Sharma, S. R. (1999). Mughal empire in India : a systematic study including source material (Rev. ed.). Atlantic Publ. p. 500. ISBN 8171568181.
  7. Sarkar, Sir Jadunath (1933). Studies in Aurangzib's reign: (being Studies in Mughal India, first series). Orient Longman. p. 45. ISBN 9780861319688.
  8. Khān, Muḥammad Sāqī Mustaʻidd (1947). Maāsir-i-ʻĀlamgiri: a History of the Emperor Aurangzib-ʻl̀amgir (reign 1658-1707 A. D.). Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal. p. 129.
  9. Ali, Shanti Sadiq (1996). The African Dispersal in the Deccan : From Medieval to Modern Times. Orient Longman. p. 134. ISBN 9788125004851.
  10. Sir Jadunath Sarkar (1919). History of Aurangzib: Southern India, 1645-1689. M.C. Sarkar & Sons. p. 301.
  • Jadunath Sarkar Translation, Maāsir-i-ʻĀlamgiri : a history of the emperor Aurangzib-ʻl̀amgir (reign 1658-1707 A.D.) by Muḥammad Sāqī Mustaʻidd Khān
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