Singha Sartha Aju

Singha Sārtha Aju (Devanagari: सिंह सार्थ आजु) (alternative names Singha Sartha Bahu, Singha Sartha Baha, Simhasartha Bahu) is a merchant in Nepalese folklore.[1] [2] According to tradition, he is the first Newar merchant of Kathmandu to travel to Tibet, and his story is one of the most loved legends in Newar society. Singha Sartha is also considered to be a previous incarnation of the Buddha.[3] [4]

Painting showing Singha Sartha and other merchants escaping on a horse with demonesses in pursuit, from a Nepalese illustrated manuscript.
Ferry boat on the Yarlung Tsangpo River with carved horse's head on the prow (right), photo from 1938.

The legend

Singha Sartha led a merchant caravan to Tibet. They arrived at a place where there were many beautiful women, and the traders fell under their spell. Each one of them got a mistress and they spent the days partying, forgetting that they were on a business trip. One night, Karunamaya, the Bodhisattva of Compassion, appeared to Singha Sartha in the flame of an oil lamp, and warned him that their gorgeous lovers were actually demonesses who were waiting for an opportunity to eat them. He told Singha Sartha to check his lover's feet if he was unconvinced, and he would find that the heel pointed to the front and the toes to the back.

Karunamaya then told him that he would help him and his friends to escape. He instructed them to get up before the women and hurry to the river bank where they would find a winged horse. They were to climb on the horse and it would fly them across the river to safety. He also warned them that they should not look back whatever happened, otherwise the demonesses would drag them off the horse and kill them.

Singha Sartha spread the word among his companions, and they all agreed that they had to flee. The next day before dawn, they slipped out of their rooms and reached the river bank. There was a horse as promised, and they all got on its back. The Bodhisattva had taken the form of the horse to help the merchants escape. As the horse took off for the other bank, the women came running after them, pleading not to be left behind. Their sorrowful cries made the men look back, and they were dragged off the horse. Singha Sartha was the only one who maintained his self-control, and he returned to Nepal safely.[5] [6]

Legacy

Ferry boats on the Yarlung Tsangpo River in Tibet are decorated with a wooden horse's head symbolizing the horse Shyam Karna that carried Singha Sartha to safety. A stupa dedicated to Singha Sartha once stood on the Barkhor in Lhasa.[7] The traditional trade fair held in Jampaling, Tibet is associated with Singha Sartha, who is known as Norbu Sangya in Tibetan. There was a shrine dedicated to him near the great stupa of Jampaling which was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution.[8]

In Kathmandu, Singha Sartha has been deified as Chakan Dyah (चकं द्य:), an incarnation of the Buddha, and his statue is carried through the city in a procession on the full moon day of March.[9] Singha Sartha is credited as the founder of the Buddhist courtyard named Thambahil (alternative names Vikramshila Mahavihar, Bhagwan Bahal) situated in Thamel, Kathmandu.[10]

See also

References
  1. Lewis, Todd T. (November 1993). "Newar-Tibetan Trade and the Domestication of Siṃhalasārthabāhu Avadāna". History of Religions. University of Chicago Press. Retrieved 11 July 2012. Pages 135-160.
  2. Slusser, Mary Shepherd (1982). Nepal Mandala: A Cultural Study of the Kathmandu Valley. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691031282, 9780691031286. Page 363.
  3. Tuladhar, Prem Hira (2009) The Past Lives of the Buddha. Kathmandu: Hira Shobha Tuladhar. ISBN 978-9937-2-1497-1. Page 132.
  4. Sakya, Karna and Griffith, Linda (1980). Tales of Kathmandu: Folktales from the Himalayan kingdom of Nepal. House of Kathmandu. Page 28.
  5. Tuladhar, Kamal Ratna (2011) Caravan to Lhasa: A Merchant of Kathmandu in Traditional Tibet. Kathmandu: Lijala & Tisa. ISBN 99946-58-91-3. Pages 57-58.
  6. Lall, Kesar (1966). Lore and legend of Nepal. Ratna Pustak Bhandar. Page 28.
  7. Tuladhar, Kamal Ratna (2011) Caravan to Lhasa: A Merchant of Kathmandu in Traditional Tibet. Kathmandu: Lijala & Tisa. ISBN 99946-58-91-3. Page 62.
  8. Shakya, Harsamuni (1992). "Jampaling Festival: Newar Buddhist Festival in Tibet". Buddhist Himalaya: A Journal of Nagarjuna Institute of Exact Methods. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
  9. Yoshizaki, Kazumi (25 November 2006). "The Kathmandu Valley as a Water Pot: Abstracts of research papers on Newar Buddhism in Nepal". Retrieved 11 July 2012. Page 95.
  10. Pradhan, Damodar (May 2012). "Prajñāpāramitā". Retrieved 12 July 2012. Pages 8-10.
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