Sir Alfred Rawlinson, 3rd Baronet

Colonel Sir Alfred "Toby" Rawlinson, 3rd Baronet, CMG CBE DSO (17 January 1867 – 1 June 1934) was an English soldier and intelligence officer, sportsman, pioneer motorist and aviator.[1][2][3]

Sir Alfred Rawlinson, Bt
Alfred Rawlinson with dog George in 1924.
Born17 January 1867
Died1 June 1934(1934-06-01) (aged 67)
Service/branchBritish army, Royal Naval Reserve
RankColonel
Unit17th Lancers,
Royal Naval Air Service, Armoured Car Section,
Royal Garrison Artillery,
Intelligence Corps
Battles/warsFirst World War,
Battle of Aubers Ridge,
German strategic bombing,
Mesopotamian campaign (1918),
Turkish War of Independence
AwardsCompanion of the Order of St Michael and St George,
Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire,
Distinguished Service Order
Medal record
Men's polo
Representing a  Mixed team
Olympic Games
1900 Paris Team competition

Early life

Rawlinson was the second son of Major-General Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, 1st Baronet, a soldier, diplomat and expert in Persian antiquities. His mother was Louisa Caroline Harcourt, a daughter of Henry Seymour one of the Tory MPs for Taunton. Two of his uncles, Henry Danby Seymour and Alfred Seymour, were also MPs.[4] His older brother became General Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baron Rawlinson, who masterminded the Battle of Amiens and the Hundred Days Offensive that brought the fighting of the First World War to a close.

Rawlinson, known to family and friends as "Toby",[5] was born on 17 January 1867 at the family home in Charles Street, Mayfair, in the West End of London. He was educated at Eton College and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, after which he was commissioned as a 2nd lieutenant into the 17th Lancers.[6]

Sportsman

Rawlinson was a top-level polo player; he was in the winning teams for the inter-regimental tournament in India in 1889, the Hurlingham Champion Cup in 1896 and 1902, also the Ranelagh Open Cup, the All Ireland Open Cup and others. In the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris, he was a member of the Foxhunters Hurlingham polo team which won the Olympic gold medal. He retired from the sport in 1911.[7] Rawlinson was also a keen motor racing driver, resigning from the army to concentrate on the sport. He took part in the 1908 Isle of Man RAC Tourist Trophy ("TT") race, driving his Darracq into 7th place.[nb 1][8]

On 5 April 1910 Rawlinson became only the third person in the United Kingdom to hold a Royal Aero Club aviators certificate.[9]

France, 1914–15

At the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, Rawlinson was 47 and too old to be called up as a reservist. He therefore offered himself and his Hudson sports car to the Royal Automobile Club, who were assembling an "RAC Corps of Volunteer Motor Drivers". Rawlinson was one of twenty-five motorists selected to accompany the British Expeditionary Force to the continent to act as chauffeurs and dispatch carriers for the General Staff.[10] He and the other drivers worked with the British Army in the first battles of the war, his car being adapted by the addition of a machine gun and flying a Union Jack. By October, he had been transferred to a staff position with IV Corps (which was commanded by his brother) and had been given the rank of colonel by Sir John French, despite having left the cavalry as a subaltern.[11] His driving exploits were described in his Adventures on the Western Front, August, 1914 – June, 1915 (1925).

In the trench warfare that had developed, it became apparent that the British had nothing to match the German Minenwerfer. While an effective British weapon was in development, Rawlinson acquired 40 obsolete Coehorn mortars from the French army which became known as "Toby mortars" after him; they were first used in action at the Battle of Neuve Chapelle in March 1915.[12] On 9 May 1915, Rawlinson was injured by a German heavy shell at the Battle of Aubers Ridge and returned to England.[13] While recovering at home on 20 June, he was visited by a staff officer from the War Office with a message stating that commissions could not be issued in the field and that he could not consider himself a serving officer. Despite being "hurt to the very soul" by the manner of his dismissal, Rawlinson went straight to the Admiralty and volunteered his services.[14]

Air defence of London, 1915–17
Rawlinson (extreme left) with one of the anti-aircraft guns of the Royal Naval Anti-Aircraft Mobile Brigade, a towed QF 3-inch 20 cwt.

On 20 June 1915, Rawlinson was appointed a lieutenant-commander in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve and tasked with raising a new squadron of the RNAS Armoured Car Section. However, in August, he was interviewed by Commodore Murray Sueter RN, who was the commander of London's anti-aircraft defences. Owing to previous experience in the air defence of Paris, Rawlinson was "invited", in his spare time, to suggest improvements to the weapons and ammunition in use, as they had proved ineffective in the first Zeppelin attacks on London in the previous weeks.[15] In September, he was placed under the direct command of Admiral Sir Percy Scott, who had been ordered to establish the London Air Defence Area. Rawlinson was tasked with forming a mobile anti-aircraft battery, using picked men from his armoured car squadron. He set off at once for France, in the hope of obtaining an example of the lorry-mounted Autocanon de 75 mm 1913 anti-aircraft gun and returned to London with one within 72 hours.[16] This weapon became the nucleus of the Royal Naval Anti-Aircraft Mobile Brigade, under Rawlinson's personal command; it was first used in action against a Zeppelin on 13 October at Moorgate in the City of London.[17] Eventually, the brigade was armed with four French 75mms, two QF 3 inch 20 cwts, and eight QF 3 pounder Vickers with four powerful searchlights, all mounted on lorries.[18] Operating from the stables at Kenwood House, the guns could be rushed to prepared positions around the capital at very short notice. When the army took over the air defence of London in February 1916, the RNVR continued to operate the mobile guns under Army command.[19] In August 1916, the brigade relocated to Norfolk, with the intention of intercepting the Zeppelins as they crossed the coast.[20] Throughout this time, Rawlinson was continually refining the techniques of anti-aircraft gunnery, and claimed to have pioneered the use of acoustic location in detecting aircraft hidden by cloud.[21] In January 1917, the brigade moved to the coast of Essex to counter the threat from German aeroplanes. In May 1917, Rawlinson was offered command of the newly created Western Sub-Command of the London defences, which required a transfer back to the army, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. His new command consisted of 19 gun and 36 searchlight positions. He commanded these assets during the heavy air raids of late 1917.

Intelligence Corps

In January 1918, Rawlinson tendered his resignation and sought a post in pursuance of "an ardent desire to once more get a little closer to the enemy". In February, he obtained a transfer to the Intelligence Corps with the rank of colonel.[22] Assignments include tours of duty in the Caucasus and Eastern Anatolia during 1918–1922. His mission was to guard the Tiflis-Baku railway, and to oversee the demobilizing of Turkish forces.[23] Under Lionel Dunsterville, he was sent on a mission to the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus.[24]

On his last assignment, to establish whether Turkey was obeying the armistice conditions, Rawlinson and his party were held prisoner in Erzurum by the Turkish authorities, placing the British Government in an awkward position, because his elder brother was a high-ranking military officer.[25] He was eventually released in a prisoner exchange which included the so-called Malta Exiles, who were prosecuted for war crimes during World War I.[26]

His book Adventures in the Near East (1923), chronicles the state of affairs during the armistice days at the end of World War I. In particular, he gives accounts of the landscape after the Russian withdrawal and the beginnings of the Turkish nationalist movement.[27]

Private life

On 25 June 1890, Alfred Rawlinson married Margarette Kennard, the 6th daughter of William Bunce Greenfield DL. They had four children; twins Alfred Frederick and Honour Louisa were born on 23 August 1900. Honour died aged 12. They had a second daughter, Irene Margarette (died 1974) and a third, Mary, who also died in infancy. Margarette Rawlinson died on 18 September 1907 aged about 49.

On 13 December 1913, Rawlinson married secondly Jean Isabella Griffin Aitkin, an actress also known by her stage name of Jean Aylwin. They were divorced in 1924; the composer Hubert Bath was named as co-respondent in the case.[28][29]

When Rawlinson’s older brother died on 28 March 1925, he became the 3rd baronet, but did not inherit the peerage created for his brother, which became extinct.

Alfred Rawlinson died suddenly of natural causes at his flat in Clapham on 1 June 1934.[30]

References

Footnotes
  1. Two other pioneer aviators, John Moore-Brabazon (Royal Aero Club Aviator's Certificate No. 1) and Arthur Edward George (Aviator's Certificate No. 19), took part in the 1908 I.O.M. TT, the former, driving a Métallurgique, having to retire after 6 laps due to a problem with an exhaust valve, the latter, driving a Darracq, taking third place and also recording the fastest lap time.[8]

Citations
  1. Charles Cyril Turner, The Old Flying Days, p. 245.
  2. Sir Alfred Rawlinson
  3. "Sir Alfred Rawlinson". Olympedia. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  4. George Rawlinson, A Memoir of Major-General Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, p. 243.
  5. Rawlinson, George, A memoir of Major-General Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, London: Longmans, Green and Co, 1898, p. 291, Two sons were the fruit of the union — Henry Seymour, commonly known as ' Harry,' or Sennacherib, born in 1864, and Alfred, born in 1867, called in his family and by his intimates ' Toby.'
  6. Mosley, Charles (Editor), Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th Edition 2003, Volume III ISBN 0-9711966-2-1, p. 3292
  7. Laffaye, Horace A. (2015). The Polo Encyclopedia. McFarland & Co. p. 308. ISBN 978-0786495771.
  8. Results of the Isle of Man 1908 TT race
  9. Flight 9 April 1910
  10. Messenger, Charles (2005). Call to Arms: The British Army 1914–18. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-1-7802-2759-7.
  11. Gardner, Nikolas (2003). Trial by Fire: Command and the British Expeditionary Force in 1914. Praeger. p. 150. ISBN 978-0313324734.
  12. Rawson, Andrew (2014). The British Army 1914-1918. The History Press. p. 384. ISBN 978-0750956147.
  13. Rawlinson, Alfred, Sir, The Defence of London, 1915–1918, 1923 (p.3)
  14. Rawlinson 1925, pp. 314-315
  15. Rawlinson, The Defence of London, pp.6–8)
  16. Rawlinson, The Defence of London, pp.9–19
  17. Rawlinson, The Defence of London, pp.30–31
  18. Rawlinson, The Defence of London, pp.44–4
  19. Rawlinson, The Defence of London, p.57
  20. Rawlinson, The Defence of London, pp.88–89
  21. Rawlinson, The Defence of London, Rawlinson, pp. 110–114
  22. Rawlinson, The Defence of London, pp.238–242
  23. Merrill D. Peterson, "Starving Armenians": America and the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1930 and After, p. 75.
  24. Moshe Gammer, The Lone Wolf and the Bear: Three Centuries of Chechen Defiance of Russian Rule, p. 127.
  25. Gary Jonathan Bass, Stay the Hand of Vengeance: The Politics of War Crimes Tribunals, p. 139.
  26. Zürcher, Erik J. (21 December 2017). Turkey: A Modern History. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 379. ISBN 978-1-78673-183-8.
  27. Rawlinson, Adventures in the Near East (London: Andrew Melrose, 1923)
  28. Burke's Peerage 2003
  29. "Actress's Flat in Chelsea – Composer Friend Cited as Co-Respondent". North Devon Journal. Barnstaple. 15 May 1924. p. 3. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  30. Alfred Rawlinson Obituary from The Times, June 4, 1934

Bibliography
Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Preceded by
Henry Rawlinson		 Baronet
(of North Walsham, Norfolk)
1925–1934		 Succeeded by
Alfred Rawlinson

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