Snake wine

Snake wine (蛇酒, pinyin: shéjiǔ; rượu rắn in Vietnamese) is an alcoholic beverage produced by infusing whole snakes in rice wine or grain alcohol. The drink was first recorded to have been consumed in China during the Western Zhou dynasty (c. 1040–770 BC) and considered an important curative and believed to reinvigorate a person according to Traditional Chinese medicine.[2] It can be found in China, Goa (India), Vietnam, Okinawa (Japan) and throughout Southeast Asia.

A bottle of snake wine photographed in the southern Chinese city of Guangzhou
Snake is one of Vietnamese varieties of rượu thuốc.[1] The bottle on the left is a cobra wine (Rượu rắn)
Scorpion and snake wine

The snakes, preferably venomous ones, are not usually preserved for their meat but to have their "essence" and/or snake venom dissolved in the liquor. The snake venom proteins are unfolded by the ethanol and therefore the completed beverage is usually, but not always,[3] safe to drink. The Huaxi street night market (華西街夜市) of Taipei, Taiwan, is renowned for its snake foods and wine products.

Varieties

There are two main types of snake wine, which utilize either parts of a live snake, or the entire snake itself.

  • Steeped: A whole venomous snake is placed into a glass jar of rice wine or grain alcohol, sometimes along with smaller snakes and medicinal herbs and left to steep for many months. The wine is drunk as a restorative in small shots or cups. The snakes may be inserted into the container while still alive, causing them to drown on their own, or the snake may be stunned first by being placed on ice, after which the distiller cuts the snake open, guts it, and then sews it shut again. Upon removal from the ice, the snake will briefly reawaken and thrash around, before curling into an aggressive striking pose and dying. The latter method is sometimes preferred because the removal of the snake's digestive tract can noticeably reduce the pungent smell of the finished wine, and because the snakes often die in a coiled position that is visually attractive inside the jars, suggesting the snake was fierce in spirit.
  • Mixed: The fresh body fluids of the snake are mixed directly into prepared alcohol and consumed immediately in the form of a shot. Snake blood wine is prepared by slicing a snake along its belly and draining its blood directly into the drinking vessel filled with rice wine or grain alcohol. Snake bile wine is made by mixing the alcohol with the snake's gall bladder and bile, and snake heart wine is made by putting the still-beating heart of the slaughtered snake into a bottle of alcohol.

History

Snakes and their viscera have long been considered by followers of Traditional Chinese Medicine to be invaluable for the promotion of vitality and health. The drink was first recorded to be used in China during the Western Zhou dynasty (771 BC) and the medicinal use of snakes was noted in the medical manual Shen nong ben cao jing (神農本草經) compiled between 300 B.C. and 200 A.D.[4] The detailed use of various snake feces, their body parts, and various preparations were greatly elaborated in Li Shizhen's Bencao Gangmu (本草綱目).[5] Snake bile was offered to Yang Jisheng as treatment for the injuries he suffered in prison circa 1554.[6]

Snake wine can be found in many areas of Vietnam, Southeast Asia and Southern China.

Claims of medicinal value

Snakes are widely believed to possess medicinal qualities and the wine is often advertised to cure everything from farsightedness to hair loss, as well as to increase sexual performance.[4][5] In Vietnam, snake wine (Rượu rắn) is widely believed by some individuals to improve health and virility. A similar drink is made with dehydrated geckos or sea horses rather than snakes.[7] Snake wine, due to its high alcohol percentage, is traditionally drunk in shot glasses.

It is illegal to import snake wine to many countries because many of the snakes used for its production are endangered species.[8]

Health risks

The risks of ingesting snake wine include systemic envenomation from the contained venom, which may present features differing from direct envenomation by snakebite. A number of health problems of the vascular system may result, including damage to the vascular wall endothelium, abnormal platelet function and activation, and coagulopathy.[3]

See also

References
  1. "The Last Days of the Mekong Snake Hunters". 9 August 2016. Archived from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  2. 蛇酒的泡制与药用 [The production and medicinal qualities of snake wine], 2007-04-09, archived from the original on 2011-07-06, retrieved 2009-10-20
  3. Moon, Jeong Mi; Chun, Byeong Jo (2016-06-01). "Severe Coagulopathy after Ingestion of "Snake Wine"". The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 50 (6): 848–851. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2015.11.037. ISSN 0736-4679. PMID 26823133.
  4. 关, 海珊 (2008-01-22), 趣谈蛇酒的来历与药用价值 [Leisure conversations on snake wine, its history and it medicinal properties], archived from the original on 2009-12-13, retrieved 2009-10-20
  5. 李, 時珍 (1578–1593), 本草綱目 [Compendium of Materia Medica], archived from the original on 2012-02-22, retrieved 2009-10-20
  6. Hammond, Kenneth J. (2012) [First published 2007 by Kegan Paul International]. Pepper Mountain: The Life, Death, and Posthumous Career of Yang Jisheng. New York, NY: Routledge. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-415-54189-3.
  7. Mandel, Peter (April 22, 2007), Snake Wine, The Washington Post Company, archived from the original on November 3, 2012, retrieved October 26, 2017
  8. Rich Phillips (May 7, 2009). "Name your poison: 'Snake wine' seized at airport". CNN. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
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