Solenoid (meteorology)

In the context of meteorology, a solenoid is a tube-shaped region in the atmosphere where isobaric (constant pressure) and isopycnal (constant density) surfaces intersect, causing vertical circulation.[1][2] They are so-named because they are driven by the solenoid term of the vorticity equation.[3] Examples of solenoids include the sea breeze circulation and the mountain–plains solenoid.[4][5]

References

Frederick Sanders; Howard B. Bluestein (2008). "Solenoid (meteorology)". McGraw-Hill Companies.
Mike Pritchard (2011-02-04). "Notes on mountain plains solenoid literature from Koch et al., MWR, 2001".
Eumetcal. "Sea Breeze".
"Sea and Land Breezes" (PDF). University of Oklahoma. 2006.
Jianhua Sun; Fuqing Zhang (February 2012). "Impacts of Mountain–Plains Solenoid on Diurnal Variations of Rainfalls along the Mei-Yu Front over the East China Plains". Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 140 (2): 379–397. Bibcode:2012MWRv..140..379S. doi:10.1175/MWR-D-11-00041.1.

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[1] Frederick Sanders; Howard B. Bluestein (2008). "Solenoid (meteorology)". McGraw-Hill Companies.

[2] Mike Pritchard (2011-02-04). "Notes on mountain plains solenoid literature from Koch et al., MWR, 2001".

[3] Eumetcal. "Sea Breeze".

[4] "Sea and Land Breezes" (PDF). University of Oklahoma. 2006.

[5] Jianhua Sun; Fuqing Zhang (February 2012). "Impacts of Mountain–Plains Solenoid on Diurnal Variations of Rainfalls along the Mei-Yu Front over the East China Plains". Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 140 (2): 379–397. Bibcode:2012MWRv..140..379S. doi:10.1175/MWR-D-11-00041.1.