Solomon Southwick

Solomon Southwick (December 25, 1773 – November 18, 1839) was an American newspaper publisher and political figure who was a principal organizer of the Anti-Masonic Party.

Solomon Southwick III
1804 portrait by Ezra Ames. Albany Institute of History & Art.
Anti-Masonic Party Nominee for Governor of New York
In office 1828
Preceded by	None
Succeeded by	Francis Granger
Postmaster of Albany, New York
In office 1821–1822
Preceded by	Gerrit L. Dox
Succeeded by	Solomon Van Rensselaer
Member of the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York
In office 1812–1823
Preceded by	Peter Gansevoort
Succeeded by	Peter Wendell
Sheriff of Albany County, New York
In office 1808–1810
Preceded by	Lawrence L. Van Kleeck
Succeeded by	Jacob Mancius
Clerk of the New York State Senate
In office 1807–1808
Preceded by	Henry L. Bleecker
Succeeded by	Sebastian Visscher
Clerk of the New York State Assembly
In office 1803–1806
Preceded by	James Van Ingen
Succeeded by	Gerrit Y. Lansing
Personal details
Born	December 25, 1773 Newport, Rhode Island, British America
Died	November 18, 1839 (aged 65) Albany, New York, U.S.
Resting place	Albany Rural Cemetery
Spouse(s)	Jane Barber (m. 1795) (d. January 31, 1861)
Children	9 (5 lived to adulthood)
Occupation	Printer Newspaper publisher and editor Bank president Government official Political organizer
Known for	Organizer and proponent of the Anti-Masonic Party

Born in Newport, Rhode Island, Southwick attended the University of Pennsylvania, after which he was apprenticed as a baker and trained as a commercial sailor. In 1792, he relocated to Albany, New York to work for the Albany Register newspaper, of which he later became editor and publisher. He also became affiliated with the Democratic-Republican Party and served in a variety of elected and appointed political positions.

In the 1820s, Southwick left the Democratic-Republicans and the Albany Register, and he edited a variety of agricultural and religious newspapers. He also played a major part in founding the Anti-Masonic Party, and was its 1828 candidate for Governor of New York. After the Anti-Masons were supplanted by the Whigs as the major alternative to the Democratic Party, Southwick decided to forgo further involvement in politics. He became a successful speaker and lecturer and remained active until his death in Albany.

Early life

Solomon Southwick was born in Newport, Rhode Island on December 25, 1773. He was the son of Solomon Southwick (1731-1797) and Ann Gardner Carpenter Southwick (1748-1783).

The elder Solomon Southwick was the publisher of the Newport Mercury newspaper and an ardent supporter of the Patriot cause during the American Revolution.[1][2] He was also a member of the first graduating class of the University of Pennsylvania, but did not complete his degree. He later received an honorary bachelor's degree from the University of Pennsylvania, as well as an honorary master's degree from Yale University.[3][4][5]

Start of career

The younger Solomon Southwick was educated in Newport and initially apprenticed as a baker. He briefly pursued training as a commercial sailor, and moved to New York City in 1791 to become apprenticed as a printer. In 1792 he relocated to Albany, New York to work for the Albany Register, a newspaper aligned with the Democratic-Republican Party, which was owned by Robert and John Barber. His older brother Henry Southwick had also settled in Albany to begin a career as a printer, which likely influenced Solomon Southwick's decision to move from New York City. Henry Southwick later worked with Solomon Southwick on the Albany Register.[6]

Robert Barber left the Albany Register later in 1792, and Solomon Southwick became a partner in the newspaper and its associated printing business. In 1795 he married Jane Barber, the sister of Robert and John Barber.[7][8]

Later career

In addition to editing the Albany Register, Southwick became active in civic life and took part in politics as a Democratic-Republican. He served on Albany's volunteer fire department beginning in 1801, and was Clerk of the New York State Assembly from 1803 to 1806, and Clerk of the New York State Senate from 1807 to 1808.[9][10]

From 1808 to 1810 Southwick served as Sheriff of Albany County, New York. In 1812 he was appointed to the New York State Board of Regents, and he served until 1823. Southwick studied law with Harmanus Bleecker, and was admitted to the bar in 1813. He was the official state printer, and continued to serve in local offices, including Postmaster of Albany. At the founding of the Farmers’ and Mechanics’ Bank in 1811, Southwick was elected to serve as its president.[11][12][13]

In 1812 Southwick was tried for the charge of attempting to bribe Assembly Speaker Alexander Sheldon to procure Assembly votes in favor of a new central bank to replace the First Bank of the United States after the first bank's charter had expired. Southwick appeared in court in Johnstown to face Judge James Kent. He was prosecuted by Thomas Addis Emmet, and defended by Aaron Burr, Daniel Cady, Abraham Van Vechten and Ebenezer Foote. The trial ended with Southwick's acquittal.[14][15]

Anti-Masonic views

By 1817 or 1818 Southwick's political views were no longer in line with those of the Democratic-Republicans, and he ceased publication of the Albany Register. He then published several specialty newspapers, including The Plough Boy, a publication which provided information about farming in New York and advocated the creation of local, county and state agricultural societies. He also published and edited the Christian Visitant, a religious magazine, and the National Democrat, a political newspaper which opposed the Democratic-Republicans. Southwick also ran quixotic campaigns for the United States House of Representatives and Governor of New York in 1822 as the candidate of the National Democrats (also called the National Republican Party).[16][17][18]

In addition, Southwick opened an office that organized and operated lotteries to raise money for state projects and programs. According to Thurlow Weed and other contemporaries, Southwick appeared in the mid-1820s to have become eccentric, and consulted fortune tellers and mystics in an effort to obtain winning lottery numbers for contests held in other states. Weed and others indicate that Southwick acted for several years as though every time he checked his mail, he was sure to be notified that he had won a large sum, but he never did. When Southwick sustained personal financial losses in operating New York's lotteries, the state reimbursed him.[19][20][21]

At the founding of the Anti-Masonic Party, Southwick became one of its chief organizers and proponents. He published the National Observer, an Anti-Masonic newspaper, and he ran unsuccessfully for Governor as an Anti-Mason in 1828.[22][23]

By 1831 Anti-Masonic influence in New York was on the wane, and Southwick decided to take no further part in politics. He became a popular moralizer and sermonizer on the statewide lecture circuit, and frequently delivered addresses including The Bible, Temperance, and Self-Education, many of which were also reproduced as pamphlets. From 1837 to 1839 he was associated with the Family Newspaper, a periodical which was published by his son Alfred.[24]

Additional published works

The Pleasures of Poverty, a poem (Albany, 1823); A Solemn Warning Against Free-Masonry (1827); and Five Lessons for Young Men (1837).[25][26][27]

Death and burial

Southwick died suddenly in Albany on November 18, 1839. He was originally buried at the Episcopal Church Cemetery on State Street in Albany, and later reinterred at Albany Rural Cemetery, Lot 72, Section 14.[28][29][30]

Family

In 1795 Southwick married Jane Barber, the sister of Robert and John Barber, with whom he had worked at the Albany Register. She was born in Albany between 1773 and 1775, and died in Albany on January 31, 1861. Solomon and Jane Southwick had nine children, of whom five lived to adulthood.[31]

References

1. Gorham A. Worth, Random Recollections of Albany: From 1800 to 1808, 1866, page 71
2. James Moore Caller, Maria A. Ober, Genealogy of the Descendants of Lawrence and Cassandra Southwick, 1881, pages 96-97
3. "Solomon Southwick (1731-1797)". University of Pennsylvania archives. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
4. University of Pennsylvania, Biographical Catalogue of the Matriculates of the College, 1894, page 3
5. Yale University, Catalogue of the Officers and Graduates of Yale University, 1910, page 385
6. William Hunt, The American Biographical Sketch Book, 1849, pages 365-366
7. Charles Evans, American Bibliography: 1786-1789, 1912, page 190
8. James Moore Caller, Maria A. Ober, Genealogy of the Descendants of Lawrence and Cassandra Southwick, 1881, pages 96-97
9. New York Red Book, Clerks of the Assembly, 1922, page 143
10. Manual for Use of the Legislature of the State of New York, Clerks of the Senate, 1919, page 549
11. Joel Munsell, The Albany Annual Register for 1849-1850, Part 2, 1850, page 276
12. Benson John Lossing, The Empire State: A Compendious History of the Commonwealth of New York, 1888, page 447
13. William Lyon Mackenzie, The Life and Times of Martin Van Buren, 1846, page 25
14. Edward French Bullard, The Green Bag magazine, Daniel Cady, March 1897, page 94
15. F.W. Beers & Co., History of Montgomery and Fulton Counties, N.Y., 1878, page 200
16. Brigham, Clarence S. "Bibliography of American Newspapers, 1690-1820 Part VII: New York (A-L)" Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 27(1): 195-197;[177-274]. 1917
17. George Rogers Howell, Bi-centennial History of County of Albany, 1609-1886, 1886, Volume 2, page 375
18. New York Annual Register, Table Showing the Number of Votes at Election for Governor, 1830, page 7
19. Thurlow Weed, Thurlow Weed Barnes, Life of Thurlow Weed Including His Autobiography and a Memoir, Volume 1, 1884, page 102
20. Evan Cornog, The Birth of Empire: DeWitt Clinton and the American Experience, 1769-1828, 1998, page 146
21. Laws of the State of New York, Law Authorizing Commission to Settle Claims of Solomon Southwick, 1825, page 428
22. Ronald P. Formisano, For the People: American Populist Movements from the Revolution to the 1850s, 2008, page 103
23. Joseph Blunt, editor, American Annual Register, Votes for Governor in 1828, 1829, page 25
24. George Rogers Howell, Bi-centennial History of County of Albany, 1609-1886, 1886, Volume 2, page 363
25. Solomon Southwick, The Pleasures of Poverty, 1823, title page
26. Solomon Southwick, "A Solemn Warning Against Free-Masonry", 1827, title page
27. Solomon Southwick, Five Lessons for Young Men, 1837, title page
28. Alexander Clarence Flick, New York State Historical Association, New York History, Volume 37; Volume 54, 1956, page 308
29. Joel Munsell, The Annals of Albany, Volume IV, 1850, page 298
30. Albany Rural Cemetery Burial Cards, 1791-2011, entry for Solomon Southwick, retrieved April 25, 2014
31. James Moore Caller, Maria A. Ober, Genealogy of the Descendants of Lawrence and Cassandra Southwick, 1881, pages 167-177

External links

• Solomon Southwick at Find a Grave
• Declaration of Independence: First Newport printing by Solomon Southwick facsimile from the Rhode Island State Archives