Sparsomycin

Sparsomycin is a compound, initially discovered as a metabolite of the bacterium Streptomyces sparsogenes, which binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibits protein synthesis through peptidyl transferase inhibition.[1] As it binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit, it induces translocation on the 30S subunit.[2] It is a nucleotide analogue. It was also formerly thought to be a possible anti-tumor agent, but interest in this drug was later discarded after it was discovered that it resulted in retinopathy[3] and as a tool to study protein synthesis; it is not specific for bacterial ribosomes and so not usable as an antibiotic.

Sparsomycin
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC13H19N3O5S2
Molar mass361.43 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)

The compound was discovered in 1962 [4] and the structure was determined in 1970;[5] a first total synthesis was reported in 1981.[6]

A derivative of this compound is phenol-alanine-sparsomycin, and is believed to be a more effective anti-tumor agent than sparsomycin itself.[3]

Biosynthesis

Although the structure of sparsomycin was published in 1970, no biosynthetic pathway for its formation was proposed in the literature up until 1988. Ronald J. Parry et al. have investigated biosynthetical precursors for the unusual monooxo-dithioacetal group.[7] By administering the radioactively labeled L-methionine to S. sparsogenes, they figured out that it was the most probable precursor for C-4' and C-5' atoms of the sparsomycin. However, when administering labeled cysteine, they found that C-4' did not contain any 13C while C-3' still did. This finding led them to an assumption that an enzyme called serine transhydroxymethylase could be responsible for the observation by conversion of the cysteine to serine residue. However, this assumption was not confirmed, as administration of 13C-serine did not produce any labeled sparsomycin. In this study the authors have finally concluded that S-methyl-D-cysteine should be the precursor for this part of the molecule. In this paper they have also proposed a L-tryptophan as a source of the uracil-containing part of the molecule.

Study of the biosynthesis of the sparsomycin in a greater detail has revealed that L-cysteine and S-methyl group of methionine are real precursors for the monooxo-dithioacetal group.[8] These studies have also confirmed the L-tryptophan being a predecessor of the uracil moiety of the sparsomycin. However, it still remained unclear whether the transformation proceeds through the kynureine pathway or not. The next paper published by the same research group has shown that this pathway is not responsible for the transformations of L-tryphophan in the biosynthesis of sparsomycin. In this paper the authors have also confirmed (E)-3-(4-oxo-6-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)acrylic acid (PCA) and (E)3-(2,4-dioxo-6-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)acrylic acid (UCA) being intermediates in the studied biosynthetic pathway.[9] Several years later an enzyme, which catalyzes transformation of PCA to UCA was found.[10]

References
  1. Garrett R, Grisham CM (2013). Biochemistry. Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1133106296. OCLC 777722371.
  2. Ermolenko DN, Cornish PV, Ha T, Noller HF (February 2013). "Antibiotics that bind to the A site of the large ribosomal subunit can induce mRNA translocation". RNA. 19 (2): 158–66. doi:10.1261/rna.035964.112. PMC 3543091. PMID 23249745.
  3. Lazaro E, San Felix A, van den Broek LA, Ottenheijm HC, Ballesta JP (January 1991). "Interaction of the antibiotic sparsomycin with the ribosome". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 35 (1): 10–3. doi:10.1128/aac.35.1.10. PMC 244933. PMID 2014963.
  4. A D Argoudelis, R R Herr, Antimicrob. Ag. Chemoth. 780
  5. P Wiley, F MacKellar, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 92(2) (1970), pp 417-418
  6. Total synthesis of the antibiotic sparsomycin, a modified uracil amino acid monoxodithioacetal, Harry C. J. Ottenheijm, Rob M. J. Liskamp, Simon P. J. M. Van Nispen, Hans A. Boots, Marian W. Tijhuis, J. Org. Chem. 46 (16) (1981), pp 3273-3283
  7. Parry RJ, Eudy ME (1988). "The biosynthesis of sparsomycin. Elucidation of the origins of the carbon skeleton". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110 (7): 2316–2317. doi:10.1021/ja00215a060.
  8. Parry RJ, Li Y, Gomez EE (1992). "Biosynthesis of the antitumor antibiotic sparsomycin". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114 (15): 5946–5959. doi:10.1021/ja00041a007.
  9. Parry RJ, Hoyt JC, Li Y (1994). "The biosynthesis of sparsomycin. Further investigations of the biosynthesis of the uracil acrylic acid moiety". Tetrahedron Letters. 35 (41): 7497–7500. doi:10.1016/s0040-4039(00)78327-4.
  10. Parry RJ, Hoyt JC (February 1997). "Purification and preliminary characterization of (E)-3-(2,4-dioxo-6-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)acrylic acid synthase, an enzyme involved in biosynthesis of the antitumor agent sparsomycin". Journal of Bacteriology. 179 (4): 1385–92. doi:10.1128/jb.179.4.1385-1392.1997. PMC 178840. PMID 9023226.
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