St. Burchard's Abbey, Würzburg
St. Burchard's Abbey was a Benedictine monastery in Würzburg, Germany, initially known as St. Andrew's Abbey. It was the first abbey established in Würzburg, founded ca. 750. In 1464, it was transformed into a Stift.
Kloster St. Burkard, Würzburg | |
 View of the church from Marienberg Fortress | |
  Location within Germany | |
| Monastery information | |
|---|---|
| Order | Benedictines |
| Established | ca. 750 |
| Disestablished | 1803 |
| Dedicated to | Mary, Andrew, Magnus, Burchard |
| Diocese | Diocese of Würzburg |
| Controlled churches | St. Burchard |
| People | |
| Founder(s) | Bishop Burchard of Würzburg |
| Architecture | |
| Style | Romanesque/Gothic |
| Site | |
| Location | Würzburg, Germany |
| Coordinates | 49°47′23.5″N 9°55′29.6″E |
| Public access | yes |
| Website | http://www.st-burkard.de/ |
Since the dissolution of the Stift in 1803, the abbey church has been used as the parish church St. Burkard.
History
St. Andrew's was founded by Bishop Burchard of Würzburg (742-53) on the left bank of the Main at the foot of the Marienberg shortly after 748. It was the first abbey in Würzburg and initially dedicated to Andrew the Apostle, Mary and Magnus. It was known as St. Andrew's Abbey.[1]
Until ca. 788 it was also the seat of the clerics attached to the cathedral (then located on the peak of the Marienberg). In the 10th century, the monastery was deserted, having been transformed into a collegiate church at some point earlier. In 986, Hugo von Rothenburg, Bishop of Würzburg, refounded the abbey and once again called Benedictines to the place. He also moved the remains of Burchard to be reburied in the abbey's church, which was renamed St. Burchard.[1]
The old abbey building burned down around the year 1000. Only after around 1033, Abbot Willemund had the abbey church rebuilt in Romanesque style. It was dedicated in 1042 in the presence of Emperor Heinrich III by Bishop Bruno of Würzburg.[1][2]
During the High Middle Ages the abbey was influenced by ideas from Gorze Abbey (ca. 1057) and Hirsau Abbey (12th century). Construction included the narthex (1168) under Abbot Engelhard and the polygonal topping-up of the two eastern towers (1249) under Abbot Konrad.[1][2]
Since its establishment, the abbey had been a proprietary monastery of the Bishop of Würzburg. It thus did not have a Vogt. The convent was completely made up of nobles. In late Medieval times life in the abbey significantly deviated from the Benedictine rule.[1]
Yielding to the request of the monks, Pope Pius II, in a Papal bull dated 4 February 1464, changed the abbey church into a collegiate church (Ritterstift), and permitted the former monks to remain as canons. The abbot, Johann von Allendorf, became Probst. Through this change the abbey became the second noble Stift in Würzburg (next to the Domstift of the cathedral). The provost was henceforth always a member of the cathedral chapter.[1]
In 1495, a late-Gothic high altar was added. Around that time construction of the polygonal east choir and the transept started. However, few works of art survived the destruction caused by the Peasants' War of 1525. One of them was a Madonna by Tilman Riemenschneider (ca. 1490).[1][2]
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Due to the possession of significant forest properties the abbey had sufficient income throughout its history. Nevertheless, debts were a problem from time to time. In the 16th century, "loose morals" among the then 18 canons became an issue. As a consequence, Bishop Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn temporarily put St. Buchard under forced administration.[1]
During the Thirty Years' War the abbey wasa sacked by Swedish troops and the church was severely damaged. Only from 1667 did the Stift again have its own consecrated church. During the Counter-Reformation and Baroque periods the canons focused on the pastoral care of its 17 parishes.[1]
In 1663-7, Bishop Johann Philipp von Schönborn had the original west choir, western transept and western tower demolished to make room for a new fortification of the slopes beneath Marienberg Fortress and a shipping canal. At that time the interior of the east choir and east transept was finished, the work having been repeatedly interrupted by war.[2]
In 1803, the abbey was dissolved in favour of the Electorate of Bavaria. At the time, it consisted of the provost, the dean, eight canons, nine Domizellare (aspirants to the position of canon) and twelve vicars who were responsible for the parish work. The abbey church (Stiftskirche) became a parish church.[1]
On 16 March 1945, during the Allied Bombing of Würzburg in World War II the church was mostly spared. The truss was burned as was the nave, but choir and transept survived. The church was re-opened in 1950.[1]
Description
Church
The architectural features include Romanesque and Gothic ones. The Romanesque three-aisled nave, the two towers and the north portal from the times of the Salian dynasty are partially still extant.[1]
One feature that illustrates the transition to early-Gothic is a capital with reliefs now used as an offering box.[1]
The Katharinenglocke (bell) from the mid-13th century is the oldest extant bell in the diocese.[1]
References
- Schütz, Markus. "St. Burkard - das erste Kloster in Würzburg - Geschichte (German)". Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte - Klöster in Bayern. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
- "Geschichte St. Burkard, Würzburg(German)". Pfarrei St. Burkard. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
- Attribution
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Ott, Michael (1913). "Würzburg Abbeys". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. The entry cites:
- LINK, Klosterbuch der Diocese Würzburg, I (Würzburg, 1873), 105-8.
- WIELAND, Kloster und Ritterstift zu St. Burkard in Archiv des hist. Vereins fur Unterfranken, XV, fasc. 1-2.
- LINK, Klosterbuch, I (Würzburg, 1873), 395-402;
- LINDNER, Schriftsteller, O.S.B., in Bayern, 1750-1880, II (Ratisbon, 1880), 196-202.
- WIELAND, Dad Schottenkloster zu St. Jakob in Würzburg in Archiv des hist. Vereins fur Unterfranken, XVI, 21-182; LINK, Klosterbuch, I, 402-9.
Further reading
- Backmund, Norbert: Die Kollegiat- und Kanonissenstifte in Bayern, Windberg 1973, pp. 109
- Büll, Franziskus: Die Klöster Frankens bis zum neunten Jahrhundert, in: Studien und Mitteilungen zur Geschichte des Benediktiner-Ordens und seiner Zweige 104 (1993), p. 9-40
- Feineis, Dieter Michael: Das Ritterstift St. Burkard zu Würzburg unter der Regierung von Fürstbischof Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn (1573-1617), Würzburg 1986
- Hemmerle, Josef: Die Benediktinerklöster in Bayern (= Germania Benedictina Bd. 2: Bayern), München 1970, p. 346-349;
- Muth, Hanswerfried: St. Burkard Würzburg (= Kleine Kunstführer 251), München 1989
- Schneider, Erich: Klöster und Stifte in Mainfranken, Würzburg 1993, p. 55-59;
- Wendehorst, Alfred: Die Abtei und das adlige Säkularkanonikerstift St. Burkhard in Würzburg (= Germania Sacra Neue Folge Bd. 40: Das Bistum Würzburg Bd. 6), Berlin 2001.