St Albans

St Albans (/sənt ˈɔːlbənz/) is a cathedral city in Hertfordshire,[1] England and the major urban area in the City and District of St Albans. It lies east of Hemel Hempstead and west of Hatfield, about 20 miles (32 km) north-north-west of central London, 8 miles (13 km) south-west of Welwyn Garden City and 11 miles (18 km) south-south-east of Luton. St Albans was the first major town on the old Roman road of Watling Street for travellers heading north and it became the Roman city of Verulamium. It is within the London commuter belt and the Greater London Built-up Area.

For other places with the same name, see St Albans (disambiguation).
See also: St Albans City and District

St Albans

View of the west front of St Albans Cathedral

Coat of Arms
St Albans
Location within Hertfordshire
Area6.99 sq mi (18.1 km2)
Population147,373 
• Density21,083/sq mi (8,140/km2)
OS grid referenceTL148073
• London19 mi (31 km) SSE
District
Shire county
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townST. ALBANS
Postcode districtAL1-AL4
Dialling code01727
PoliceHertfordshire
FireHertfordshire
AmbulanceEast of England
UK Parliament

Name

St Albans takes its name from the first British saint, Alban.[1] The most elaborate version of his story, Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People, relates that he lived in Verulamium, sometime during the 3rd or 4th century, when Christians were suffering persecution. Alban met a Christian priest fleeing from his persecutors and sheltered him in his house, where he became so impressed with the priest's piety that he converted to Christianity. When the authorities searched Alban's house, he put on the priest's cloak and presented himself in place of his guest. Consequently, he was sentenced to endure the punishments that were to be inflicted upon the priest, unless he renounced Christianity. Alban refused and was taken for execution. In later legends, his head rolled downhill after execution and a well sprang up where it stopped.[2]

History
Main article: History of St Albans

Celtic

There was an Iron Age settlement known as Verulamium,[3] Verlamion, or Verlamio, near the site of the present city, the centre of Tasciovanus' power and a major centre of the Catuvellauni from about 20 BC until shortly after the Roman invasion of AD 43.[4] The name "Verulamium" is Celtic, meaning "settlement over or by the marsh".[3] The town was on Prae Hill, 2 km to the west of modern St Albans, now covered by the village of St Michael's, Verulamium Park and the Gorhambury Estate.[3] Although excavations done in 1996 produced finds which included silver coins from the Roman Republican era dating from 90/80 BC, evidence of trade with the republic and that a settlement already existed on the site 50 years before Julius Caesar attempted to invade Britain, yet it is believed that the tribal capital was moved to the site by Tasciovanus (around 25 to 5 BC). Cunobelinus may have constructed Beech Bottom Dyke, a defensive earthwork near the settlement whose significance is uncertain.

Roman
Remains of Roman wall

The Roman city of Verulamium, the second-largest town in Roman Britain after Londinium, developed from the Celtic settlement[3] and was granted the rank of municipium around AD 50, meaning that its citizens had what were known as "Latin Rights", a lesser citizenship status than a colonia possessed. It grew to a significant town, and as such received the attentions of Boudica of the Iceni in 61, when Verulamium was sacked and burnt on her orders:[5]excavations preceding the museum's new entrance done in 1996–97 within the centre of the Roman town gave archaeologists the chance to date a black ash layer to 60–65 AD, thus confirming the Roman written record. It grew steadily; by the early 3rd century, it covered an area of about 125 acres (0.51 km2), behind a deep ditch and wall. Verulamium contained a forum, basilica and a theatre, much of which were damaged during two fires, one in 155 and the other in around 250. These were repaired and continued in use in the 4th century. The theatre was disused by the end of the 4th century. One of the few extant Roman inscriptions in Britain is found on the remnants of the forum (see Verulamium Forum inscription). The town was rebuilt in stone rather than timber at least twice over the next 150 years. Roman occupation ended between 400 and 450 AD

The body of St Alban was probably buried outside the city walls in a Roman cemetery near the present cathedral. His hillside grave became a place of pilgrimage. Recent investigation has uncovered a basilica there, indicating the oldest continuous site of Christian worship in Great Britain. In 429 Germanus of Auxerre visited the church and subsequently promoted the cult of St Alban.[6][7][8][9][10]

A few traces of the Roman city remain visible, such as parts of the city walls, a hypocaust – still in situ under a mosaic floor, and the theatre, which is on land belonging to the Earl of Verulam, as well as items in the museum. Further remains beneath nearby agricultural land have only had a few exploratory trenches, have never been fully excavated and were, for a while, seriously threatened by deep ploughing, which ceased in 2005 after compensation was agreed. Test trenches in 2003 confirmed that serious damage had occurred to buildings on the northern side of Old Watling Street by deep ploughing. Permission needs to be granted to enable the full extent of the damage to the western half of Verulamium to be investigated.

Anglo-Saxon

After the Roman withdrawal the town became the centre of the territory or regio of the Anglo-Saxon Waeclingas tribe.[11]

St Albans Abbey and the associated Anglo-Saxon settlement were founded on the hill outside the Roman city where it was believed St Alban was buried. An archaeological excavation in 1978, directed by Martin Biddle, failed to find Roman remains on the site of the medieval chapter house.[12] As late as the eighth century the Saxon inhabitants of St Albans nearby were aware of their ancient neighbour, which they knew alternatively as Verulamacæstir or, under what H. R. Loyn terms "their own hybrid", Vaeclingscæstir, "the fortress of the followers of Wæcla", possibly a pocket of British-speakers remaining separate in an increasingly Saxonised area.[13]

Medieval
Tudor buildings on George Street

The medieval town grew on the hill to the east of Wæclingacaester where the Benedictine Abbey of St Albans was founded by Ulsinus in 793.[14] There is some evidence that the original site was higher up the hill than the present building, which was begun in 1077. St Albans Abbey was the principal medieval abbey in England. The scribe Matthew Vickers lived there and the first draft of Magna Carta was drawn up there. It became a parish church after the dissolution of the Benedictine abbey in 1539 and was made a cathedral in 1877.

St Albans School was founded in AD 948. Matthew Paris was educated there and it is the only school in the English-speaking world to have educated a Pope (Adrian IV). Now a public school it has, since 1871, occupied a site to the west of the Abbey and includes the 14th-century Abbey Gateway. One of its buildings was a hat factory, a link with the city's industrial past.

On Abbey Mill Lane, the road between the Abbey and the school, are the palaces of the Bishops of St Albans and Hertford and Ye Olde Fighting Cocks, claimed to be the oldest pub in England.[15]

Between 1403 and 1412 Thomas Wolvey was engaged to build a clock tower in the Market Place. It is the only extant medieval town belfry in England.[16] The original bell, named for the Archangel Gabriel sounds F-natural and weighs one ton. Gabriel sounded at 4 am for the Angelus and at 8 or 9 pm for the curfew. The ground floor of the tower was a shop until the 20th century. The first- and second-floor rooms were designed as living chambers. The shop and the first floor were connected by a flight of spiral stairs. Another flight rises the whole height of the tower by 93 narrow steps and gave access to the living chamber, the clock and the bell without disturbing the tenant of the shop.

Two battles of the Wars of the Roses took place in or near the town. The First Battle of St Albans was fought on 22 May 1455 within the town, and the Second Battle of St Albans was fought on 17 February 1461, just to the north.[17]

A street market on Wednesdays and Saturdays, founded by Abbot Ulsinus, still flourishes.[14]

Modern
St Albans High Street in 1807, showing the shutter telegraph on top of the city's Clock Tower

Before the 20th century St Albans was a rural market town, a Christian pilgrimage site, and the first coaching stop of the route to and from London, accounting for its numerous old inns. Victorian St Albans was small and had little industry. Its population grew more slowly than London, 8–9% per decade between 1801 and 1861, compared to the 31% per decade growth of London in the same period. The railway arrived relatively late, in 1858. In 1869 the extension of the city boundaries was opposed by the Earl of Verulam and many of the townsfolk, but there was rapid expansion and much building at the end of the century, and between 1891 and 1901 the population grew by 37%.[18]

In 1877, in response to a public petition, Queen Victoria issued the second royal charter, which granted city status to the borough and Cathedral status to the former Abbey Church. The new diocese was established in the same year, in the main from parts of the large Diocese of Rochester.

In the inter-war years it became a centre for the electronics industry. In the post-World War II years it expanded rapidly as part of the post-War redistribution of population out of Greater London. It is now a popular tourist destination.

Government and administration

Past

St Albans was an ancient borough created following the dissolution of the monastery in 1539.[19] It consisted of the ancient parish of St Albans (also known as the Abbey parish) and parts of St Michael and St Peter.[20] The municipal corporation was reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 and the boundary was adjusted to additionally include part of the parish of St Stephen. In 1887 the borough gained city status, following the elevation of St Albans Abbey to cathedral, and the boundary was adjusted to include part of the parish of Sandridge.

The Local Government Act 1894 divided parishes that were partly within municipal boroughs. The parts of St Michael, St Peter and Sandridge within the borough became the new parishes of St Michael Urban, St Peter Urban and Sandridge Urban. The part of St Stephen within the borough was absorbed by the parish of St Albans. The parishes that were formed outside the borough, that is St Michael Rural, St Peter Rural, Sandridge Rural and the reduced St Stephen, became part of St Albans Rural District in 1894.

In 1898 the parish of St Albans absorbed St Michael Urban, St Peter Urban and Sandridge Urban so the parish and borough occupied the same area. In 1901 the population of the borough was 16,019, growing to 18,133 in 1911. St Albans expanded in 1913 by gaining parts of Sandridge Rural (241 acres), St Michael Rural (138 acres), St Peter Rural (992 acres) and St Stephen (335 acres). In 1921 the population of the enlarged borough was 25,593, growing to 28,624 in 1931. It expanded again in 1935 as part of a county review order gaining more of St Michael Rural (890 acres), St Peter Rural (436 acres) and St Stephen (712 acres).[21] The population of the borough was 44,098 in 1951 and 50,293 in 1961.[22]

Present
St Albans viewed from the Clock Tower: French Row (to the left), Market Place (to the right), St Peter's Street and the tower of St Peter's Church (centre)
Main article: City and District of St Albans

The borough was abolished on 1 April 1974 and St Albans became part of the new, larger City and District of St Albans. City status was transferred to the entire district by letters patent dated 9 July 1974.[23] Local government services are now provided by Hertfordshire County Council (strategic services), St Albans City and District Council and eight local parish councils (limited local services). Within the town, the Ashley, Batchwood, Clarence, Cunningham, Marshalswick South, St Peters, Sopwell and Verulam wards have no parish councils, but since June 2013 a City Neighbourhood Committee has had comparable responsibilities for small parks, playgrounds, open spaces, war memorials, allotments and public conveniences within those wards.[24][25]

Parliamentary representation
Main article: St Albans (UK Parliament constituency)

St Albans is a parliamentary constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Established in 1885, it is a county constituency in Hertfordshire, and elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.

Geography

Climate

St Albans has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) similar to most of the United Kingdom.

Climate data for Rothamsted, elevation: 128 m (420 ft), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1914–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.2
(57.6)		 18.2
(64.8)		 22.2
(72.0)		 26.8
(80.2)		 27.7
(81.9)		 33.0
(91.4)		 36.6
(97.9)		 35.6
(96.1)		 31.0
(87.8)		 26.8
(80.2)		 17.3
(63.1)		 15.3
(59.5)		 36.6
(97.9)
Average high °C (°F) 6.7
(44.1)		 7.0
(44.6)		 9.9
(49.8)		 12.7
(54.9)		 16.1
(61.0)		 19.2
(66.6)		 21.8
(71.2)		 21.6
(70.9)		 18.3
(64.9)		 14.1
(57.4)		 9.7
(49.5)		 6.9
(44.4)		 13.7
(56.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.0
(39.2)		 4.0
(39.2)		 6.3
(43.3)		 8.4
(47.1)		 11.5
(52.7)		 14.5
(58.1)		 16.9
(62.4)		 16.7
(62.1)		 14.1
(57.4)		 10.6
(51.1)		 6.8
(44.2)		 4.3
(39.7)		 9.8
(49.6)
Average low °C (°F) 1.2
(34.2)		 1.0
(33.8)		 2.7
(36.9)		 4.0
(39.2)		 6.9
(44.4)		 9.8
(49.6)		 11.9
(53.4)		 11.8
(53.2)		 9.9
(49.8)		 7.1
(44.8)		 3.8
(38.8)		 1.6
(34.9)		 6.0
(42.8)
Record low °C (°F) −16.7
(1.9)		 −13.6
(7.5)		 −12.2
(10.0)		 −6.2
(20.8)		 −2.8
(27.0)		 0.0
(32.0)		 2.8
(37.0)		 3.1
(37.6)		 −0.6
(30.9)		 −4.7
(23.5)		 −7.5
(18.5)		 −17.0
(1.4)		 −17.0
(1.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 67.0
(2.64)		 47.7
(1.88)		 49.1
(1.93)		 54.1
(2.13)		 52.0
(2.05)		 52.7
(2.07)		 48.8
(1.92)		 62.5
(2.46)		 57.2
(2.25)		 81.1
(3.19)		 75.0
(2.95)		 65.1
(2.56)		 712.3
(28.04)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 12.1 9.4 10.2 10.2 8.8 8.6 8.0 8.8 8.9 11.0 11.6 11.0 118.5
Mean monthly sunshine hours 60.6 77.3 111.7 159.0 193.9 199.1 207.1 199.1 143.7 133.2 69.1 50.6 1,585.3
Source 1: Met Office[26]
Source 2: KNMI[27]

Neighbourhoods

Nearby towns and villages

Transport

Road

The north-south M1 motorway runs west of St Albans and the M25 motorway is slightly further south. The A414 road runs directly south of St Albans between Hemel Hempstead and Hatfield. The A405 road provides a direct link to Watford.

Rail

Two railway stations serve the city: St Albans City, which is situated 0.5 miles (800 m) east of the city centre, and St Albans Abbey, which is situated approximately 0.7 miles (1 km) south-west of the city station.[28]

St Albans City on the Midland Main Line is served by Thameslink services, on a frequent and fast rail link to central London. Suburban services stop at all stations on the route, while express services are non-stop to London St Pancras.[29] Trains run north to Harpenden, Luton, Luton Airport Parkway and on to Bedford. St Albans Abbey station is the terminus of the Abbey line from Watford Junction.[30]

Culture and media
St Michael's Church

St Albans has a thriving cultural life, with regular concerts and theatre productions held at venues including Trestle Arts Base,[31] St Albans Abbey, Maltings Arts Theatre,[32] the Alban Arena, the Abbey Theatre,[33] St Peter's Church and St Saviour's Church, given by numerous organisations including St Albans Bach Choir,[34] St Albans Cathedral Choir, St Albans Cathedral Girls' Choir, St Albans Symphony Orchestra,[35] St Albans Chamber Choir,[36] St Albans Chamber Opera,[37] The Company of Ten,[38] St Albans Choral Society,[39] and St Albans Organ Theatre.[40] St Albans is also home to Trestle Theatre Company,[41] who have been creating professional, innovative and inspirational physical storytelling theatre since 1981. Originally known for their work with masks, Trestle collaborates with UK and international artists to unify movement, music and text into a compelling theatrical experience. The Sandpit Theatre is a theatre attached to Sandringham School which hosts a wide variety of plays throughout the year, mainly performances put on by the pupils of Sandringham School. The school also hosts Best Theatre Arts,[42] a part-time theatre school for children aged 4 to 16.

The Odyssey Cinema (formerly the Odeon) on London Road is an independent, arthouse cinema that was restored and re-opened in 2014. Originally opened in 1931, it stands on the site of the Alpha Picture House, Hertfordshire's first cinema, which was opened in 1908 by film-making pioneer Arthur Melbourne-Cooper.[43][44]

The Maltings Shopping Centre in St Albans

The Watercress nature reserve is by the River Ver and is run by the Watercress Wildlife Association.[45]

St Albans Museums runs two museums: Verulamium Museum, which tells the story of everyday life in Roman Britain using objects from the excavations of the important Roman Town; and, at the old town hall, the St Albans Museum + Gallery, located in the old town hall, which focuses on the history of the town and of Saint Alban.[46]

The area is served by 92.6FM Radio Verulam, a community radio station.

Filming location

The mixed character of St Albans and its proximity to London have made it a popular filming location. The Abbey and Fishpool Street areas were used for the pilot episode of the 1960s ecclesiastical TV comedy All Gas and Gaiters. The area of Romeland, directly north of the Abbey Gateway and the walls of the Abbey and school grounds, can be seen masquerading as part of an Oxford college in some episodes of Inspector Morse (and several local pubs also appear). Fishpool Street, running from Romeland to St Michael's village, stood in for Hastings in some episodes of Foyle's War. Life Begins was filmed largely in and around St Albans. The Lady Chapel in the Abbey itself was used as a location for at least one scene in Sean Connery's 1995 film First Knight, whilst the nave of the Abbey was used during a coronation scene as a substitute for Westminster Abbey in Johnny English starring Rowan Atkinson. The 19th-century gatehouse of the former prison near the mainline station appeared in the title sequence of the TV series Porridge, starring Ronnie Barker. The 2001 film Birthday Girl starring Ben Chaplin and Nicole Kidman was also partly filmed in St Albans.

More recently, several scenes from the film Incendiary, starring Michelle Williams, Ewan McGregor and Matthew Macfadyen, were filmed in St Albans, focusing in particular on the Abbey and the Abbey Gateway. It has also been used the setting for the fictional town Waltringham, in the TV show Humans.

Sport

In December 2007, Sport England published a survey which revealed that residents of St Albans were the 10th most active in England in sports and other fitness activities. 30.8% of the population participate at least 3 times a week for 90 minutes.[47]

Cricket

Clarence Park plays host to St Albans Cricket Club.[48] The club currently runs four Saturday sides, playing in the Saracens Hertfordshire Cricket League and also two Sunday sides in the Chess Valley Cricket League. In 2008 the club's 1st XI won the Hertfordshire League Title. In the previous two seasons, the first XI came 5th (2011) and 4th (2012) in division one.

Cricket pavilion at Clarence Park

Football

The local football team is St Albans City FC: its stadium is on the edge of Clarence Park and the team won promotion from the Conference South League in 2005–06. It played in the Nationwide Conference Division of the Football Conference for the 2006–07 season, but finished at the bottom of the table and was relegated.[49]

Gymnastics

St Albans Gymnastics Club, founded in 2005, provides the St Albans area with fun and effectively structured recreational classes as well as a professionally managed competitive squad.[50]

Hockey

St Albans is also home to St Albans Hockey Club,[51] based in Oaklands, St Albans. The club is represented at National league level by both women's and men's teams, as well as other local league competitions. The club's nickname is The Tangerines.

Rugby league

St Albans Centurions Rugby league Club have their ground at Toulmin Drive, St Albans. They play in the London Premier League. In 2007 and again in 2010 'The Cents', as they are known, won 'the triple' – topping the league, and becoming the Regional and National Champions of the Rugby League Conference Premier Divisions.

Rugby union

Old Albanian RFC is a rugby union club that plays at the Old Albanian sports complex. They play in National League 1 the third tier of the English rugby union system. Saracens A team and OA Saints Women's Rugby team also play here. This complex hosts the offices of the Aviva Premiership club Saracens (and have recently moved their home ground to Barnet). St Albans RFC play at Boggymead Spring in Smallford. Verulamians RFC (formerly Old Verulamians) play at Cotlandswick in London Colney.

Skateboarding

St Albans is home to one of the country's oldest and finest indoor skateparks, the Pioneer Skatepark in Heathlands Drive, next to the former fire station. Its ramps are available to all skateboarders and inliners. A new outside mini ramp was built in March 2005. A second outdoor mini ramp was opened at Easter 2009.

St Albans is additionally home to a community of traceurs from around Hertfordshire.[52]

St Albans was once home to the then most prestigious steeplechase in England. The Great St Albans chase attracted the best horses and riders from across Britain and Ireland in the 1830s and was held in such high esteem that when it clashed with the 1837 Grand National the top horses and riders chose to bypass Aintree. Without warning the race was discontinued in 1839 and was quickly forgotten.

St Albans was once home to Samuel Ryder, the founder of the Ryder Cup. He ran a very successful packet seeds business in the 1890s which at one time he ran from a packing warehouse on Holywell Hill (now Café Rouge). His interest in golf and sponsorship led to his donation of the now famous Ryder Cup. He is buried in Hatfield Road Cemetery, where in July 2012 the Olympic Torch Relay passed by to honour him.

Education
The Abbey Gateway, now part of St Albans School

St Albans has many state primary and secondary schools, and a number of independent schools.

The law school of the University of Hertfordshire used to be based in Hatfield Road in St Albans until it moved to the university's De Havilland campus in Hatfield in 2011. Hertfordshire County Council purchased the site. The interior of the former law school building has since been refurbished and now forms part of Alban City School, a state-funded Free School for primary aged children, which started taking reception class children in September 2012.

A campus of Oaklands College, a further education college, is also located in Smallford in St Albans.

Notable people
Main article: List of people from St Albans
  • Coat of arms of St Albans City Council
  • The Old Town Hall and Market Place, viewed from St Peter's Street
  • St Albans Cathedral Rose Ceiling
  • St Michael's Street
  • Kingsbury Watermill
  • Roman Mosaics
  • Remains of Roman wall
  • Part of the High Altar screen in St Albans Cathedral
  • The Lake in Verulamium Park
  • St Peter's Church of England Church

See also

References
  1. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "St Albans" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 1012.
  2. "Medieval St. Albans". Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  3. Rosalind Niblett, Roman Hertfordshire, Wimborne: Dovecote Press, 1995
  4. John Wacher, 1976, The Towns of Roman Britain, p. 202, both for Tasciovanus and the Catuvellauni.
  5. "BBC – History – Boudicca".
  6. Garcia, Michael. "Saint Alban and the Cult of Saints in Late Antique Britain". www.academia.edu. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
  7. Constantius of Lyon; Trans. Vermaat, Robert. "The text of the Vita sancti Germani". vortigernstudies.org.uk. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
  8. Martin Biddle, "Alban and the Anglo-Saxon Church", in Robert Runcie (ed), Cathedral and City: St Albans Ancient and Modern, Martyn Associates, 1977
  9. "Story of St Alban", Cathedral and Abbey Church of St Alban.
  10. Kenneth. S. Painter, "Recent discoveries in Britain", Publications de l'École française de Rome, 1989, Vol. 123, No. 1, pp. 2031–2071
  11. Williamson, Tom (2000). The Origins of Hertfordshire. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 64. ISBN 071904491X. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
  12. "Chapter House History – The Cathedral and Abbey Church of Saint Alban". Stalbanscathedral.org. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
  13. Loyn, Anglo-Saxon England and the Norman Conquest, 2nd ed. 1991:11.
  14. St Albans Millenary Pageant Souvenir Programme, n.p, 1948
  15. Kitton, F.G. (1899–1900). "The Old Inns of St Albans". Transactions of the St Albans & Hertfordshire Architectural & Archaeological Society: 260.
  16. "Clock Tower". St Albans Museums. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  17. History of Verulam and St. Alban's S. G. Shaw, 1815 pages 64–66. Accessed April 2011
  18. Asa Briggs, "The Victorian City", in ‘’Cathedral & City: St Albans Ancient and Modern’’, ed. Robert Runcie, Martyn Associates, 1977
  19. Kate Morris. "Other publications | Research papers | Places | St Peter's in the Borough | A lecture given by Kate Morris on 26 November 2010". St Albans History.
  20. "St Albans Borough through time | Census tables with data for the Ancient District". Visionofbritain.org.uk.
  21. "St Albans AP/CP through time | Census tables with data for the Parish-level Unit". Visionofbritain.org.uk.
  22. "St Albans AP/CP through time | Population Statistics | Total Population". Visionofbritain.org.uk.
  23. "No. 46352". The London Gazette. 24 September 1974. p. 7920.
  24. "St Albans City & District Council – City Neighbourhood Committee takes on local agenda". Stalbans.gov.uk. 1 July 2013.
  25. "St Albans City & District Council – Proposed City Neighbourhoods Committee under scrutiny". Stalbans.gov.uk. 1 March 2013.
  26. "Rothamsted 1981–2010 averages". Met Office. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
  27. "Indices Data - Rothamsted Station 1844". KNMI. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
  28. "Trainline".
  29. "St Albans City [SAC] to London St Pancras International [STP]".
  30. "Abbey Line Passenger Survey Final Report" (PDF). June 2006. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  31. "Trestle Theatre Company, St Albans". trestle.org.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  32. "The Maltings Arts Theatre, St Albans". Stalbans.gov.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  33. "Abbey Theatre, Trestle Arts Base, St Albans". Abbeytheatre.org.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  34. "St Albans Bach Choir". St Albans Bach Choir. 10 July 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  35. "St Albans Symphony Orchestra". Saso.org.uk. 11 July 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  36. "St Albans Chamber Choir". St Albans Chamber Choir. 25 April 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  37. "St Albans Chamber Opera". Hertsdirect.org. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  38. "The Company of Ten, St Albans". Hertsdirect.org. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  39. "St Albans Choral Society". Choralsociety.com. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  40. "St Albans Organ Theatre". St Albans Organ Theatre. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  41. "Trestle Theatre Company History". trestle.org.uk. Archived from the original on 13 January 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  42. "Best Theatre Arts". Best Theatre Arts. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  43. "The Odyssey History". Odyssey Cinema St Albans. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  44. "Restored art-deco cinema reopens". BBC News. 13 December 2014. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  45. "Watercress Wildlife Association, St Albans". Watercress Wildlife Association. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
  46. "St Albans Museums". St Albans Museums. Archived from the original on 17 August 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
  47. "Sport England—Active People Survey". Sportengland.org. Archived from the original on 25 February 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  48. "St Albans Cricket Club". Stalbanscc.com. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  49. "Football Conference – League Table – Nationwide Conference". 27 November 2005. Archived from the original on 27 November 2005.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  50. "St Albans Gymnastics Club". stalbansgymclub.com. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
  51. "St Albans Hockey Club". Stalbanshc.co.uk. 17 April 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  52. "Hertfordshire Parkour". Hertsparkour.co.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
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