Starve the beast

"Starving the beast" is a political strategy employed by American conservatives to limit government spending[1][2][3] by cutting taxes, in order to deprive the federal government of revenue in a deliberate effort to force it to reduce spending.

Ronald Reagan gives a televised address from the Oval Office, outlining his plan for tax reductions in July 1981

The term "the beast", in this context, refers to the United States Federal Government and the programs it funds, using mainly American taxpayer dollars, particularly social programs[4] such as education, welfare, Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid.[3]

Total tax revenues as a percentage of GDP for the U.S. in comparison to the OECD and the EU 15.

On July 14, 1978, economist and future Federal Reserve chairman Alan Greenspan testified to the U.S. Senate Finance Committee: "Let us remember that the basic purpose of any tax cut program in today's environment is to reduce the momentum of expenditure growth by restraining the amount of revenue available and trust that there is a political limit to deficit spending."[5]

Before his election as President, then-candidate Ronald Reagan foreshadowed the strategy during the 1980 US Presidential debates, saying "John Anderson tells us that first we've got to reduce spending before we can reduce taxes. Well, if you've got a kid that's extravagant, you can lecture him all you want to about his extravagance. Or you can cut his allowance and achieve the same end much quicker."[6]

The earliest use of the actual term "starving the beast" to refer to the political-fiscal strategy (as opposed to its conceptual premise) was in a Wall Street Journal article in 1985, wherein the reporter quoted an unnamed Reagan staffer.[7]

Since 2000

The tax cuts and deficit spending of former US President George W. Bush's administration were attempts to "starve the beast." Bush said in 2001: "so we have the tax relief plan [...] that now provides a new kind—a fiscal straightjacket [sic] for Congress. And that's good for the taxpayers, and it's incredibly positive news if you're worried about a federal government that has been growing at a dramatic pace over the past eight years and it has been."[8]

Republican presidential candidate Fred Thompson's tax-cut plan, incorporating a flat tax, also deferred paying for the larger deficits it would create.[9] It "would most likely be funded by lower government spending on Social Security and Medicare benefits", according to the Wall Street Journal.[10]

Political activist Grover Norquist authored an oath, the so-called "Taxpayer Protection Pledge," that 279 Senators and Congressman have signed. The oath states the signatories will never vote to raise taxes on anyone under any circumstances. It is viewed by some of the unsigned as a stumbling block to mutual fiscal negotiations to benefit the country.[11]

Economic analysis

James M. Buchanan, a Nobel Prize-winning economist, helped develop the fiscal illusion hypothesis: "It's obvious, borrowing allows spending to be made that will yield immediate political payoffs without the incurring of any immediate political cost."[12] In their book Democracy in Deficit (1977), Buchanan and Richard E. Wagner suggest that the complicated nature of the U.S. tax system causes fiscal illusion and results in greater public expenditure than would be the case in an idealized system in which everyone is aware in detail of what their share of the costs of government is.[13]

Empirical evidence shows that Starve the Beast may be counterproductive, with lower taxes actually corresponding to higher spending. An October 2007 study by Christina D. Romer and David H. Romer of the National Bureau of Economic Research found: "[...] no support for the hypothesis that tax cuts restrain government spending; indeed, [the findings] suggest that tax cuts may actually increase spending. The results also indicate that the main effect of tax cuts on the government budget is to induce subsequent legislated tax increases."[14]

William Niskanen, chairman emeritus of the libertarian Cato Institute, criticized "starve the beast." According to Niskanen, if deficits finance 20% of government spending, then citizens perceive government services as discounted; services that are popular at 20% off the listed price would be less popular at full price. He hypothesized that higher revenues could constrain spending, and found strong statistical support for that conjecture based on data from 1981 to 2005.[15][16] Another Cato researcher, Michael New, tested Niskanen's model in different time periods and using a more restrictive definition of spending (non-defense discretionary spending) and arrived at a similar conclusion.[17]

Professor Leonard E. Burman of Syracuse University testified to a U.S. Senate committee in July 2010 that: "My guess is that if President Bush had announced a new war surtax to pay for Iraq or an increase in the Medicare payroll tax rate to pay for the prescription drug benefit, both initiatives would have been less popular. Given that the prescription drug benefit only passed Congress by one vote after an extraordinary amount of arm-twisting, it seems unlikely that it would have passed at all if accompanied by a tax increase. Starve the beast doesn't work."[18]

Economist Paul Krugman summarized as: "Rather than proposing unpopular spending cuts, Republicans would push through popular tax cuts, with the deliberate intention of worsening the government's fiscal position. Spending cuts could then be sold as a necessity rather than a choice, the only way to eliminate an unsustainable budget deficit." He wrote that the "...beast is starving, as planned..." and that "Republicans insist that the deficit must be eliminated, but they're not willing either to raise taxes or to support cuts in any major government programs. And they're not willing to participate in serious bipartisan discussions, either, because that might force them to explain their plan—and there isn't any plan, except to regain power."[19]

Historian Bruce Bartlett, former domestic policy adviser to President Ronald Reagan, has called Starve the Beast "the most pernicious fiscal doctrine in history", and blames it for the increase in US government debt since the 1980s.[20]

Political advocacy

Former U.S. Senator Jon Kyl (R-AZ), a veteran of the Senate Finance Committee, stated "you should never have to offset the cost of a deliberate decision to reduce tax rates on Americans."[21]

Lobbyist Grover Norquist is a well-known proponent of the strategy and has famously said, "My goal is to cut government in half in twenty-five years, to get it down to the size where we can drown it in the bathtub."[22][23]

"Feed the beast"

A related idea known as "Feed the beast", refers to increasing taxes for the purported purpose of balancing the budget only to make the government spend those inflows. Writer Stephen Moore and economist Richard Vedder have written in the Wall Street Journal that every new dollar of new taxes leads to more than one dollar of new spending according to their research. In an op-ed, they both stated that "[t]he grand bargain so many in Washington yearn for—tax increases coupled with spending cuts—is a fool's errand" since "higher tax collections never resulted in less spending." Their conclusions have been disputed by economist and writer Bruce Bartlett in The Fiscal Times, who stated that tax increases in the early 1990s helped contribute to more austere budgets in the late 1990s.[24][25]

See also

References
  1. "Europe's Welfare States". The Economist. Pralmeida.tripod.com. April 1, 2004. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
  2. Bartlett, Bruce (July 2, 2007). "Origins and Development of a Budget Metaphor". The Independent Review. Independent.org. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
  3. Lindberg, Mark (Spring 2007). "Foundations Have a Stake". Minnesota Council on Foundations. Mcf.org. Archived from the original on January 7, 2011. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
  4. "Europe's Welfare States". The Economist. Pralmeida.tripod.com. April 1, 2004. Retrieved November 25, 2010.
  5. Bartlett, Bruce (May 7, 2010). "Tax Cuts And 'Starving The Beast'". Forbes.
  6. "Mallaby, Sebastian. Don't Feed the Beast: Bush Should End This Tax-cut Myth". The Washington Post. Washingtonpost.com. May 8, 2006. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
  7. "Starve the Beast: Origins and Development of a Budgetary Metaphor". The Independent Review. Independent.org. The Independent Institute. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
  8. "President Announces Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff". Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. August 24, 2001. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
  9. "Congress Gets 5,593-Page Text of Relief Bill Hours Ahead of Vote". Bloomberg News. Retrieved December 21, 2020.
  10. Schatz, Amy (November 26, 2007). "Thompson Unveils Plan For Voluntary Flat Tax" – via www.wsj.com.
  11. "The Pledge: Grover Norquist's hold on the GOP". CBS News.
  12. Buchanan, James M. (1984). Dehe Deficit and American Democracy. Memphis: P. K. Steidman Foundation. ISBN 0-86597-227-3.
  13. Buchanan, James M.; Wagner, Richard E. (1977). Democracy in Deficit: The Political Legacy of Lord Keynes. New York: Academic Press. ISBN 0-86597-227-3.
  14. Christina D. Romer, David H. Romer (October 2007). "Do Tax Cuts Starve the Beast: The Effect of Tax Changes on Government Spending National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper No. 13548" (PDF). Retrieved December 9, 2010.
  15. William Niskanen. "26(3):553–558, Fall 2006 Limiting Government: The Failure of "Starve the Beast"" (PDF). Cato Journal. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 11, 2011. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
  16. Ezra Klein (September 18, 2010). "The true test of the tea parties' mettle". Washington Post. Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
  17. New, Michael J. "Starve the Beast: A Further Examination", Cato Journal, 29(3): 487–495, Fall 2009.
  18. "Senate Testimony of Professor Leonard E. Berman" (PDF). July 14, 2010. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
  19. Krugman, Paul (February 21, 2010). "Opinion - The Bankruptcy Boys". Retrieved January 11, 2019 – via NYTimes.com.
  20. Bartlett, Bruce. Tax Cuts And 'Starving The Beast' – The most pernicious fiscal doctrine in history., Forbes, May 7, 2010
  21. Thomas L. Friedman, Michael Mandelbaum: That Used to Be Us: How America Fell Behind in the World It Invented and How We Can Come Back. Macmillan, 2012. p. 170.
  22. Ed Kilgore. "Starving the Beast". Blueprint Magazine. Archived from the original on November 20, 2004. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
  23. "Article | The American Prospect". Prospect.org. March 15, 2005. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
  24. Starve the Beast: Just Bull, not Good Economics, The Fiscal Times, November 26, 2010
  25. Stephen Moore; Richard Vedder (November 21, 2010). "Higher Taxes Won't Reduce the Deficit". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
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