Stop the Church

Stop the Church was a demonstration organized by members of AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP) on December 10, 1989, that disrupted a Mass being said by Cardinal John O'Connor at St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York City. One-hundred and eleven protesters were arrested, 53 of whom were arrested inside the church. The main objective of the demonstration was to protest O'Connor's opposition to the teaching of safe sex in the public school system, and his opposition to the distribution of condoms to curb the spread of AIDS.[1] During planning, the protest was joined by Women's Health Action and Mobilization (WHAM!), who opposed the Catholic position on abortion rights.

The protest was condemned in media editorials and by national figures such as President George H.W. Bush, and was controversial in the gay community. The protest, and especially the desecration of a consecrated communion wafer (Eucharist), made headline news in the US and several European countries.[2] The protest was a major effort for ACT-UP.

Background
See also: Catholic Church and homosexuality, Catholic Church and abortion, and LGBT rights in the United States

ACT UP opposed the public position of the church on condom use and safe sex education to control the spread of AIDS, and identified pronouncements such as O'Connor's statement that "Good morality is good medicine" as harmful.[3] The protest was organized following a meeting of senior clergy where they had reinforced doctrine opposing the use of condoms.[3] ACT UP nicknamed the cleric "Cardinal O'Condom".[3] They also opposed the church's anti-abortion position.[4] In the 1980s, O'Connor wielded a great deal of power in both the church and in society at large.[5] WHAM! subsequently joined the protest, swelling its numbers and adding the issue of abortion rights.[3]

Protest

Stop the Church was held on December 10, 1989, at St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York City.[6][7][3][7][8] The idea had originated with ACT UP members Vincent Gagliostro and Victor Mendolia.[4] Cardinal John O'Connor was celebrating a Mass attended by Mayor Ed Koch and other political leaders.[6] Koch and the other dignitaries attended as a sign of support to O'Connor.[6]

The protesters had indicated in advance that they planned to protest. While pretending to be church ushers, some handed out flyers explaining why they would disrupt the service to those entering the catherdral.[3][6][8] The crowd outside grew to 4,500 people.[9][10][6][8][11] The demonstrators stood outside the cathedral shouting and raising placards that read "Eternal life to Cardinal O'Connor now", "Know your scumbags", "Curb your dogma", "Papal Bull", and the like.[12] Some tried to "storm" the church, but police stopped those who were obvious protesters from entering.[8]

At the outset of Mass, O'Connor said he knew there were a number of protesters in attendance but asked for a peaceful service.[8] Plainclothes police officers, expecting trouble, were sitting in the pews during Mass.[6]

Originally, the plan was a silent protest with a "die-in" during the homily portion of the Mass.[6] When it appeared that the protest was having little effect on O'Connor, who continued on with mass, Michael Petrelis stood on a pew and shouted, "You bigot O'Connor, you're killing us!"[4][3][1] The cathedral then descended into "pandemonium."[6][4] A few dozen activists interrupted Mass, chanted slogans, blew whistles, "kept up a banshee screech," chained themselves to pews, threw condoms in the air, waived their fists, and lay down in the aisles to stage a "die-in."[9][10][12][6][8] O'Connor asked worshipers to "pay no attention to" those disrupting the Mass.[3] The organist also played in an attempt to drown the protesters out.[2]

One protester, Tom Keane,[13] took the consecrated communion wafer (Eucharist) from the priest, crumbled it into pieces, and dropped the pieces to the floor.[14][15][9][16][8][1] He then lay on the floor of the church in an attempt to prevent others from receiving Communion and was later arrested.[6] Keane's desecration of a consecrated communion wafer (Eucharist) became the biggest news story in the days to come.[8][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Years later, Keane said he decided to act in the moment and, while in hindsight he might not have repeated the act, he felt no regret.[8]

Reaction

One-hundred and eleven protesters were arrested, including 43 inside the church.[2] Some, who refused to move, had to be carried out of the church on stretchers.[6] Only minor charges were filed, punished primarily by community service sentences; some protesters who refused the sentences were tried, but did not serve jail time.[2]

The protests were condemned by politicians and editorials in the major daily newspapers. Some in the gay community also considered that invading the privacy of worship was at odds with the gay community's arguments on sexual privacy.[16] Mayor Ed Koch viewed it as disrespectful and New York Governor Mario Cuomo "deplored the demonstration." The cathedral protest was criticized as "stupid and wrong-headed" by Andy Humm, a spokesman for the Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Rights, while one ACT UP leader, Peter Staley, denounced the protest as an "utter failure" and a "selfish, macho thing."[24] During its planning, members of ACT UP were divided on the wisdom of the protest with some saying that protest should not target worshipers; others said it was more important to gain attention than it was to avoid offending the people attending the mass.[6]

Legacy

O'Connor ministered to those dying at an AIDS hospice, bathing them and changing their bedpans,[8][25][26] and supported others who did so.[5][1] He also stated that he would never object to anyone peacefully protesting outside the cathedral,[27] which had happened before,[28] but did object to disrupting mass and especially to the acts of desecration.[27]

The protest became one of ACTUP's most well known actions.[29] Protests at the cathedral continued for the next few years, though they were smaller and less disruptive.[30] In 1992, another woman crumbled the consecrated communion wafer (Eucharist), but it was unclear if the action was tied to the larger protest.[30] O'Connor feared, however, that it would start a trend.[30]

Robert Hilferty's documentary about the protest, Stop the Church, was originally scheduled to air on PBS. The film was eventually dropped from national broadcast by PBS, but still aired on public-access television cable TV stations in several major cities including Los Angeles, New York City, and San Francisco.[31][30] The documentary used footage filmed "guerrilla-style" by Hilferty, an ACTUP member.[30]

"ACT UP activists now say the St. Patrick's protest changed the way many Americans viewed the Catholic Church. It was no longer untouchable, and its policies – on everything from condoms and abortion to gay marriage and women priests – were no longer sacrosanct."[2] Filmmaker Jim Hubbard, a member of ACT UP and director of the documentary United in Anger: A History of ACT UP, said, "I wasn't clear about what going inside the church would add at the time. But now I think that the shock of going inside and confronting the cardinal really worked. It helped bring ACT UP to mainstream attention. It brought the crisis to a point where the government and the mainstream media really had to start dealing with it."[2]

See also

References
  1. George J. Marlin, Brad Miner, Sons of Saint Patrick: A History of the Archbishops of New York, p312
  2. Sindelar, Daisy (6 August 2012). "Decades Before Pussy Riot, U.S. Group Protested Catholic Church -- And Got Results". Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty.
  3. Faderman 2015, p. 434.
  4. Riemer & Brown 2019, p. 275.
  5. Michael O'Loughlin (December 20, 2019). "The cost of AIDS ministry to a gay priest". Plague: Untold Stories of AIDS & the Catholic Church (Podcast). America. Retrieved January 10, 2019.
  6. O’Loughlin, Michael J. (June 21, 2019). "'Pose' revisits controversial AIDS protest inside St. Patrick's Cathedral". America. Retrieved June 24, 2019.
  7. Crouch, Stanley (10 May 2000). "Mourning the loss of Cardinal O'Connor". Salon. Archived from the original on 2004-09-18. Retrieved 2006-01-01.
  8. Michael O'Loughlin (December 1, 2019). "Surviving the AIDS crisis as a gay Catholic". Plague: Untold Stories of AIDS & the Catholic Church (Podcast). America. Retrieved January 10, 2019.
  9. Allen, Peter L. (June 2002), The Wages of Sin: Sex and Disease, Past and Present, University of Chicago Press, p. 143, ISBN 978-0-226-01461-6, retrieved July 27, 2018
  10. Faderman 2015, pp. 433-435.
  11. ACT UP. 10 Year Anniversary of "Stop the Church" Accessed July 4, 2007.
  12. Hunter, James Davison (1991). Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America. Basic Books. p. 153. ISBN 978-0975372500.
  13. Faderman 2015, pp. 434-435.
  14. DeParle, Jason (January 3, 1990). "Rude, Rash, Effective, Act-Up Shifts AIDS Policy". New York Times. p. B1. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
  15. "ACTUP Oral History Project, Interviewee: Tom Keane, Interview Number: 176" (pdf). The New York Lesbian & Gay Experimental Film Festival, Inc. February 24, 2015. pp. 20–21. Retrieved August 3, 2018. I put my hands out, and suddenly I have the Communion wafer in my hands, and the priest says, 'This is the body of Christ,' and I say, 'Opposing safe-sex education is murder.' Then I sort of—I didn’t really know what to do, and I think in some sense, some part of me was sort of saying, 'Well, fine. You guys think you can tell us that you reject us, that we don’t belong, so I’m going to reject you.' So I took it and I crushed it and dropped it.
  16. Carroll, Tamar W. (April 20, 2015). Mobilizing New York: AIDS, Antipoverty, and Feminist Activism. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 157–158. ISBN 978-1-4696-1989-7.
  17. Miller, Andrew; Wockner, Rex (December 24, 1989). "AIDS/ Abortion Rights Demo Halts High Mass at St. Pat's" (PDF). Out Week (2). p. 2. The single incident, considered an act of sacrilege by many, has since consumed reams of newsprint...
  18. Munt, Sally R. (September 29, 2017). Queer Attachments: The Cultural Politics of Shame. Taylor & Francis. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-351-90715-6. Retrieved April 21, 2020. Although 111 people were arrested, the news media focused on and distorted a single Catholic demonstrator's personal protest involving a communion wafer.
  19. "Going to Extremes". Out. Here Publishing. June 2001. pp. 122–123. ISSN 1062-7928. Retrieved April 21, 2020. The news coverage in that night and in following days was dominated by the desecration of the host.
  20. Wockner, Rex. "Cardinal Sins" (PDF). Marxism Today. No. March 1990. p. 49. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  21. Shaw, Randy (1996). The Activist's Handbook: A Primer for the 1990s and Beyond. University of California Press. pp. 222–223. ISBN 978-0-520-20317-4. Retrieved April 21, 2020. The coverage most prominently featured the person who threw the wafer;
  22. Cohen, Peter F. (January 14, 2014). Love and Anger: Essays on AIDS, Activism, and Politics. Routledge. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-317-71225-1. Retrieved April 21, 2020. ...the crumbling of a communion wafer by just one member came to represent the entire deomnstration in the eyes of the media and the public.
  23. Petro 2015, p. 137-138"Media accounts of the protest underscored one particular action that occurred within the cathedral: a young man crumbled the sacred host."
  24. Deparle, Jason (January 3, 1990). "Rude, Rash, Effective, Act-Up Shifts AIDS Policy". The New York Times. Retrieved April 23, 2010.
  25. Goldman, Ari L. (July 27, 1987). "300 Fault O'Connor Role on AIDS Commission". The New York Times. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
  26. Rosin, Hanna; McCarthy, Colman (May 4, 2000). "Cardinal John J. O'Connor Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
  27. Petro 2015, p. 138-139.
  28. Petro 2015, p. 151.
  29. Petro 2015, p. 139.
  30. Petro 2015, p. 138.
  31. Steinfels, Peter. (September 13, 1991) Channel 13 to Show Film on AIDS Protest New York Times. Accessed July 4, 2007.

Works cited
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