Sumatriptan

Sumatriptan, sold under the brand name Imitrex among others, is a medication used to treat migraine headaches and cluster headaches.[1] It is taken by mouth, in the nose, or by injection under the skin.[2] Effects generally occur within three hours.[2]

Sumatriptan
Clinical data
Trade namesImitrex, Imigran, others
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • C
Routes of
administration		By mouth, subcutaneous injection, nasal spray, transdermal electrophoresis
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability15% (by mouth) / 96% (sc)
Protein binding14–21%
MetabolismMAO
Elimination half-life2.5 hours
Excretion60% urine; 40% feces
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.130.518
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC14H21N3O2S
Molar mass295.40 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  (verify)

Common side effects include chest pressure, fatigue, vomiting, tingling, and the feeling that the world is spinning.[2] Serious side effects may include serotonin syndrome, heart attacks, strokes, and seizures.[2] With excessive use medication overuse headaches may occur.[2] It is unclear if use in pregnancy or breastfeeding is safe.[3] How it works is not entirely clear.[2] It is in the triptan class of medications.[2]

Sumatriptan was patented in 1982 and approved for medical use in 1991.[4] It is available as a generic medication.[1] In 2017, it was the 97th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than eight million prescriptions.[5][6] It is also available as the combination product sumatriptan/naproxen.

Medical uses

Sumatriptan is effective for ending or relieving the intensity of migraine and cluster headaches.[7] It is most effective when taken early after the start of the pain.[7] Injected sumatriptan is more effective than other formulations.[8]

Adverse effects

Overdose of sumatriptan can cause sulfhemoglobinemia, a rare condition in which the blood changes from red to green, due to the integration of sulfur into the hemoglobin molecule.[9] If sumatriptan is discontinued, the condition reverses within a few weeks.

Serious cardiac events, including some that have been fatal, have occurred following the use of sumatriptan injection or tablets. Events reported have included coronary artery vasospasm, transient myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation (V-Fib).[10]

The most common side effects[11] reported by at least 2% of patients in controlled trials of sumatriptan (25-, 50-, and 100-mg tablets) for migraine are atypical sensations (paresthesias and warm/cold sensations) reported by 4% in the placebo group and 5–6% in the sumatriptan groups, pain and other pressure sensations (including chest pain) reported by 4% in the placebo group and 6–8% in the sumatriptan groups, neurological events (vertigo) reported by less than 1% in the placebo group and less than 1% to 2% in the sumatriptan groups. Malaise/fatigue occurred in less than 1% of the placebo group and 2–3% of the sumatriptan groups. Sleep disturbance occurred in less than 1% in the placebo group to 2% in the sumatriptan group.

Mechanism of action
Further information: Serotonin receptor agonist and Triptan § Mechanism_of_action

Sumatriptan is structurally similar to serotonin (5-HT), and is a 5-HT receptor (types 5-HT1D and 5-HT1B[12]) agonist. Sumatriptan's primary therapeutic effect, however, is in its inhibition of the release of Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), likely through its 5-HT1D/1B receptor-agonist action.[13] This is substantiated by the efficacy of newly developed CGRP antagonists and antibodies in the preventative treatment of migraine.[14] However, how agonism of the 5-HT1D/1B receptors inhibits CGRP release is not fully understood. CGRP is believed to cause sensitization of trigeminal nociceptive neurons, contributing to the pain experienced in migraine.[15]

Sumatriptan is also shown to decrease the activity of the trigeminal nerve, which presumably accounts for sumatriptan's efficacy in treating cluster headaches. The injectable form of the drug has been shown to abort a cluster headache within 30 minutes in 77% of cases.[16]

Pharmacokinetics

Sumatriptan is administered in several forms: tablets, subcutaneous injection, and nasal spray. Oral administration (as the succinate salt) suffers from poor bioavailability, partly due to presystemic metabolism—some of it gets broken down in the stomach and bloodstream before it reaches the target arteries. A new rapid-release tablet formulation has the same bioavailability, but the maximum concentration is achieved on average 10–15 minutes earlier. When injected, sumatriptan is faster-acting (usually within 10 minutes), but the effect lasts for a shorter time. Sumatriptan is metabolised primarily by monoamine oxidase A into 2‐{5‐[(methylsulfamoyl)methyl]‐indole‐3‐yl}acetic acid which is then conjugated to glucuronic acid. These metabolites are excreted in the urine and bile. Only about 3% of the active drug may be recovered unchanged.

There is no simple, direct relationship between sumatriptan concentration (pharmacokinetics) per se in the blood and its anti-migraine effect (pharmacodynamics). This paradox has, to some extent, been resolved by comparing the rates of absorption of the various sumatriptan formulations, rather than the absolute amounts of drug that they deliver.[17][18]

History
Sumatriptan vials

Approval

In 1991, Glaxo received approval for sumatriptan, which was the first available triptan. In the United States, it is available only by medical prescription (and is frequently limited, without prior authorization, to a quantity of nine in a 30-day period). This requirement for a medical prescription also exists in Australia.[19] However, it can be bought over the counter in the UK[20] and Sweden.[21] Several dosage forms for sumatriptan have been approved, including tablets, solution for injection, and nasal inhalers.

In July 2009, the US FDA approved a single-use jet injector formulation of sumatriptan. The device delivers a subcutaneous injection of 6 mg sumatriptan, without the use of a needle. Autoinjectors with needles have been previously available in Europe and North America for several years.[22]

Phase III studies with an iontophoretic transdermal patch (Zelrix/Zecuity) started in July 2008.[23] This patch uses low voltage controlled by a pre-programmed microchip to deliver a single dose of sumatriptan through the skin within 30 minutes.[24][25] Zecuity was approved by the US FDA in January 2013.[26] Sales of Zecuity have been stopped following reports of skin burns and irritation.[27]

Generics

Glaxo patents for sumatriptan expired in February 2009. At that time, Imitrex sold for about $25 a pill.[28] On 6 November 2008, Par Pharmaceutical announced that it would begin shipping generic versions of sumatriptan injection (sumatriptan succinate injection) 4- and 6-mg starter kits and 4- and 6-mg filled syringe cartridges to the trade immediately. In addition, Par anticipates launching the 6-mg vials early in 2009.[29]

Mylan Laboratories Inc., Ranbaxy Laboratories, Sandoz (a subsidiary of Novartis), Dr. Reddy's Laboratories, and other companies have received FDA approval for generic versions of sumatriptan tablets in 25-, 50-, and 100-mg doses since 2009. The drug is generically available in U.S. and European markets, since Glaxo's patent protections have expired in those jurisdictions. Nasal spray sumatriptan is also generically available.[30]

In Russia versions of sumatriptan, which are not registered in the National registry of medications, may be regarded as narcotic drugs (derivatives of dimethyltriptamine).[31]

References
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  2. "Sumatriptan Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
  3. "Sumatriptan Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
  4. Fischer, Jnos; Ganellin, C. Robin (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 531. ISBN 9783527607495.
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  6. "Sumatriptan - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  7. Derry, CJ; Derry, S; Moore, RA (28 May 2014). "Sumatriptan (all routes of administration) for acute migraine attacks in adults - overview of Cochrane reviews". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 5 (5): CD009108. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009108.pub2. PMC 6469574. PMID 24865446.
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  27. "Teva pulls migraine patch Zecuity on reports of burning, scarring | FiercePharma". www.fiercepharma.com. Archived from the original on 21 March 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
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  30. LaMattina, John (2 March 2015). "If You 'Want To Make A Good Drug Great' Cost Must Be Factored In". Forbes. Archived from the original on 14 February 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
  31. "Постановление Правительства РФ от 30 июня 1998 г. N 681 "Об утверждении перечня наркотических средств, психотропных веществ и их прекурсоров, подлежащих контролю в Российской Федерации" (с изменениями и дополнениями)" (in Russian). Гарант. Retrieved 28 April 2019. ДМТ (диметилтриптамин) и его производные, за исключением производных, включенных в качестве самостоятельных позиций в перечень
  • "Sumatriptan". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
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