Swift v. Tyson

Swift v. Tyson, 41 U.S. (16 Pet.) 1 (1842), was a case brought in diversity in the Circuit Court for the Southern District of New York on a bill of exchange accepted in New York in which the Supreme Court of the United States determined that United States federal courts that heard cases brought under their diversity jurisdiction under the Judiciary Act of 1789 must apply statutory state laws when the state legislatures in question had spoken on the issue but did not have to apply the state's common law if states legislatures had not spoken on the issue.[1]

Swift v. Tyson
Decided January 25, 1842
Full case nameJohn Swift v. George W. Tyson
Citations41 U.S. 1 (more)
16 Pet. 1; 10 L. Ed. 865; 1842 U.S. LEXIS 345
Case history
PriorOn a certificate of division from the Circuit Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York
Holding
Federal courts were to apply state statutory law, but not common law, to state cases.
Court membership
Chief Justice
Roger B. Taney
Associate Justices
Joseph Story · Smith Thompson
John McLean · Henry Baldwin
James M. Wayne · John Catron
John McKinley · Peter V. Daniel
Case opinions
MajorityStory, joined by unanimous
Concur/dissentCatron
Overruled by
Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins (1938).

The ruling meant that the federal courts that decided matters not specifically addressed by the state legislature had the authority to develop a federal common law.

Statute

Section 34 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 states that "the laws of the several states, except where the constitution, treaties or statutes of the United States shall otherwise recognise or provide, shall be regarded as rules of decision in trials at common law, in the courts of the United States, in cases where they apply."

Decision

The Court decided that a bona fide holder of a negotiable instrument for valuable consideration, without any notice of the facts that implicate its validity as between the antecedent parties, if he takes it under an endorsement made before the same becomes due, holds the title unaffected by those facts and may recover thereon although, as between the antecedent parties, the transaction may be without any legal validity.

It decided that that Section 34 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 does not restrict federal courts hearing diversity of citizenship cases from deriving their "own" common law.

It sustained the determination of the lower federal court that under federal common law (with reference to general principles of commercial jurisprudence), a pre-existing debt constitutes a valuable consideration for a negotiable instrument.

Reasoning

Common law is not strictly local; court decisions aspire towards true interpretations, which are to be sought not in the decisions themselves but in general principles and doctrines. Court decisions do not constitute laws or authority as to what the law is but only evidence of what the law is.

Strictly local law is the state's positive statutes, constructions thereof adopted by state courts, and rights and titles to things having a permanent locality, such as to real estate and other matters immovable and intraterritorial in their nature and character.

Not local but "common" law is the rights and titles created in contracts or other instruments of a commercial nature, which are to be sought in general principles of commercial jurisprudence.

In Section 34 of the Judiciary Act of 1789, "the laws of the several states" referred to state laws that were strictly local and so not to a state's "common" law. Thus, it did not bind federal courts to state commercial jurisprudence. The Federal jurisdiction is free to derive its "own" common law.

The Supreme Court, therefore, sustained the determination of the lower federal court that under federal common law, a pre-existing debt constitutes a valuable consideration for a negotiable instrument.

See also

References
  1. Swift v. Tyson, 41 U.S. (16 Pet.) 1 (1842).
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