Symbole

The symbole, also called ar vuoc'h ("the cow"), was an object used by Francophone headmasters in public and private schools in Brittany, French Flanders, Occitania, Basque Country and North Catalonia as a means of punishment for students caught speaking Breton, Flemish, Occitan or Catalan during the 19th and 20th centuries.[1]

For other uses, see symbol.
"Speak French, Be Clean" written on the wall of the Ayguatébia-Talau school

Generally, the student was supposed to pass the symbole onto another of his fellow students after catching him speaking Breton, Occitan or Catalan (referred to as patois). The student in possession of the object at the end of recess, the half-day, or the day would be punished with, for example, manual labor, extra homework, corporal punishment, or organized mockery led by the headmaster.

Nature of the object

The symbole could be:

  • an ordinary wooden clog, sometimes not hollowed out, worn around the neck
  • a slate worn around the neck. At the Plouaret public school from 1943 to 1949 students were required to write "je parle breton" ("I speak Breton") on the slate.
  • an object to be carried in the pocket, such as a button, toy sabot, or badge.

The purpose of its use was:

  • Exclusion of the targeted language (Breton, Occitan...) from school and play;
  • Bringing mockery upon those who didn't follow the established language rules;
  • to help bring detriment upon students and prevent student solidarity.

See also

Bibliography
  • Taldir Jaffrennou. Eñvorennoù. Moulladurioù Hor Yezh
  • Yves Person, Impérialisme linguistique et colonialisme, Les Temps Modernes, 1973
  • Calvet, Louis-Jean (1974). Linguistique et colonialisme. Petit traité de glottophagie (in French). Paris: Éditions Payot. ISBN 2-228-89511-3.
  • Claude an Du, Histoire d'un interdit. Le breton à l'école, Hor Yezh, 2000, ISBN 2-910699-41-2
  • Sur les langues maternelles
  • Fañch Broudic, "Défense de cracher par terre et de parler breton ?", tome CXXX du Bulletin de la Société Archéologique du Finistère, année 2001, p. 363–370, et tome CXXXI, 2002, p. 449-452
  • Yves Griffon, La langue bretonne et l'école républicaine : témoignages de mémorialistes, Lannion : TIR ; Rennes :CRBC lec'hienn Roazhon-2, Skol-Veur European Breizh = Publication du site CRBC Rennes 2, Université européenne de Bretagne, impr. 2008 (29-Brest : Impr. Ouestélio). - 1 vol. (201 p.) ISBN 978-2-917681-00-8
  • Gérard Prémel (1995) : "Anamnèse d'un hommage. Ou comment le français est venu aux Bretons", Langage et société, juin, n° 72, p. 51–95.

References
  1. "Articles CET OBSCUR SENTIMENT QU'EST LA HONTE, André Polard".
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