TMEM143

TMEM143 (Transmembrane protein 143) is a protein that in humans is encoded by TMEM143 gene.[1] TMEM143, a dual-pass protein (two transmembrane domains), is predicted to reside in the mitochondria[2][3] and high expression has been found in both human skeletal muscle and the heart.[4][5] Interaction with other proteins indicate that TMEM143 could potentially play a role in tumor suppression/expression and cancer regulation.[6]

Gene

Located on the negative strand of human DNA, TMEM143 spans 31,882 base pairs on human chromosome 19 (19q13.33), neighbored by genes Coiled-coil domain containing 114 (CCDC114) and ER lumen protein-retaining receptor 1 (KDELR1).[1]

Transcript

In humans, there are five transcript variants encoded by TMEM143 gene (1-5). Variant 1 is the longest mRNA transcript, with a coding region of 2577 nucleotides (nt) and a total of 8 exons,[1][7] and possibly most indicative of function. Compared to variant 1, variant 2 (2472 nt, 424 amino acid protein) and variant 3 (2382nt, 394 amino acid protein) lack an in-frame exon in the 5' coding region while variant 4 (2277 nt, 359 amino acid protein) lacks two in-frame exons in the 5’ coding region, all leading to an N-terminally truncated protein.[1] Transcript variant 5 is a non-coding RNA, approximately 2231 nt long, resulting in a transcript candidate for nonsense-mediated mRNA.

Protein

There are four protein isoforms,[1] corresponding to a matching variant. Variant 1 codes for isoform a (the longest protein), and variants 2, 3, 4 code for isoforms b, c, and d, respectively. TMEM143 isoform a is 459 amino acids in length, has a molecular weight of 51.6 kDa and an isoelectric point of 9.7 in humans.[2] A domain of unknown function (DUF3754) is present within which two transmembrane domains reside, 24 and 16 amino acids in length, both helical in nature.[7]

Scheme of TMEM143 protein: gray markers correspond to phosphorylation sites, red markers correspond to kinase-specific phosphorylation sites, and green sections signify transmembrane domains; DUF3754 is also illustrated

The transmembrane domains encompass the uncharged region present at amino acids 278 to 302. A predicted mitochondrial target peptide resides at the N-terminus spanning 52 amino acids before the cleavage site between amino acids M-51 and G-52.[8] In addition, phosphorylation sites, both general and kinase-specific, were predicted to be found throughout the protein, indicating the location of the protein inside the cell.[9][10]

Homology

Orthologs

Orthologs have been identified in more than 85 vertebrate species.[1] No TMEM143 orthologs have yet to be identified in birds.

There are currently 85 ortholog species, however all exist as vertebrates only (with the exception of birds), the most distant being Latimeria chalumnae (coelacanth).[1] DUF3754 appears in a majority of the orthologs, a generally conserved region, with slight amino acid alterations to the sequence. This domain has been found in organisms as diverse as bacteria and archaea, however there are no known orthologs in either organismal domain.[7]

Paralogs

There are no known paralogs for the human TMEM143 sequence.

Expression and function

Tissue presence

TMEM143 expression in Humans and other primates; In humans, the heart and skeletal muscle exhibit high expression (18.8 and 16.4, respectively)

Possible human expression of TMEM143 protein occurs in Jurkat cells (T lymphocyte).[1] Organelle association puts TMEM143 in the mitochondria as an integral protein in the membrane,[2] as well as the predicted of presence in the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, extracellular matrix and the Golgi apparatus.[3]

High expression has been found in the heart and skeletal muscle, as indicated through human expression profiling.[5] Microarray expression of normal human tissues [4] also predict expression in the heart and skeletal muscle, a 95-97 percentile rank (amongst other tissues tested for normal human expression of TMEM143).

Interactions

Through text mining, TMEM143 is shown to have interactions with seven different proteins in humans: Zinc finger protein 541 (ZNF541), DNA-damage inducible 1 homolog 2 (DD12), Paraneoplastic Ma antigen family-like 2 (PNMAL2), Kelch-like 31(JLHL31), Chromosome 14 open reading frame 28 (C14orf28), Chromosome 14 open reading frame 28 (TRIN71), and Cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein 2 (CPEB).[11][12]

ZNF541 and PNMAL2, in relation to TMEM143, have been documented as having a role in the allelic loss of q13.3 of chromosome 19. This loss results in documented cases of malignant gliomas, neuroblastomas, and ovarian carcinomas, all suggesting a tumor suppression gene or genes in this region.[6] While TMEM143 is not directly referred to in research in this area, it is present in this region on the chromosome, indicating a potential functional role in humans.

Interactions between TMEM143 and DD12, JLHL31, C14orf28, TRIN71, and CPEB (in humans) have been documented through microarray data.[13] Illustrating predicted gene regulation with different microRNA (miRNA) under ionizing radiation conditions, TMEM143 and DD12, JLHL31, C14orf28, TRIN71, and CPEB all share predicted regulatory miRNAs. TMEM143 has also been found to be associated with adipocyte differentiation. Along with other genes, TMEM143 has been documented as a PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) target. This indicates the possibility of TMEM143 participation in lipid metabolic pathways and lipid cell differentiation[14]

References

1. "TMEM143 transmembrane protein 143 [Homo sapiens (human)]". NCBI.
2. "Tmem143 (human)". NCBI.
3. "TMEM143 Gene". GeneCards.
4. "TMEM143 - Normal human tissue expression profiling". NCBI GeoProfiles.
5. "Homo sapiens gene TMEM143, encoding transmembrane protein 143". NCBI-AceView.
6. Hartmann, C; Johnk, L; Kitange, G; Wu, Y; Ashworth, LK; Jenkins, RB; Louis, DN (15 July 2002). "Transcript map of the 3.7-Mb D19S112-D19S246 candidate tumor suppressor region on the long arm of chromosome 19". Cancer Research. 62 (14): 4100–8. PMID 12124348.
7. "transmembrane protein 143 isoform a [Homo sapiens]". NCBI.
8. Claros, Manuel G.; Vincens, Pierre (November 1996). "Computational method to predict mitochondrially imported proteins and their targeting sequences". European Journal of Biochemistry. 241 (3): 240, 770–786. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.00779.x. PMID 8944766.
9. Blom, Nikolaj; Gammeltoft, Steen; Brunak, Søren (December 1999). "Sequence and structure-based prediction of eukaryotic protein phosphorylation sites". Journal of Molecular Biology. 294 (5): 1351–1362. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1999.3310. PMID 10600390.
10. Blom, Nikolaj; Sicheritz-Pontén, Thomas; Gupta, Ramneek; Gammeltoft, Steen; Brunak, Søren (June 2004). "Prediction of post-translational glycosylation and phosphorylation of proteins from the amino acid sequence". Proteomics. 4 (6): 1633–1649. doi:10.1002/pmic.200300771. PMID 15174133.
11. Szklarczyk, D.; Franceschini, A.; Wyder, S.; Forslund, K.; Heller, D.; Huerta-Cepas, J.; Simonovic, M.; Roth, A.; Santos, A.; Tsafou, K. P.; Kuhn, M.; Bork, P.; Jensen, L. J.; von Mering, C. (28 October 2014). "STRING v10: protein-protein interaction networks, integrated over the tree of life". Nucleic Acids Research. 43 (D1): D447–D452. doi:10.1093/nar/gku1003. PMC 4383874. PMID 25352553.
12. "Transmembrane Protein 143". STRING10-Known and Predicted Protein-Protein Interactions. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
13. Lhakhang, Tenzin W.; Chaudhry, M. Ahmad (2012). "Interactome of Radiation-Induced microRNA-Predicted Target Genes". Comparative and Functional Genomics. 2012: 569731. doi:10.1155/2012/569731. PMC 3424689. PMID 22924026.
14. Nakachi, Yutaka; Yagi, Ken; Nikaido, Itoshi; Bono, Hidemasa; Tonouchi, Mio; Schönbach, Christian; Okazaki, Yasushi (July 2008). "Identification of novel PPARγ target genes by integrated analysis of ChIP-on-chip and microarray expression data during adipocyte differentiation". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 372 (2): 362–366. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.05.037. PMID 18489901.