TMEM156

TMEM156 is a gene that encodes the transmembrane protein 156 (TMEM156) in Homo sapiens. It has the clone name of FLJ23235.[1]

Gene

Locus

TMEM156 is located on the short arm of Chromosome 4. It is found at position 4p14. It has four known transcripts, only two of which have proteins.[2]

Gene neighborhood

Cytogenetic band: 4p14[2]

[3]

The image above shows chromosome four and the various gene locations on it. TMEM156 can be seen at the thin red band that has been placed at p14.

Size

TMEM156 is 66,499 bases and 296 amino acids in length.[4] TMEM156 spans from 38,966,744 to 39,032,922 bp.[5]

mRNA

Splice Variants

TMEM156 has one known splice variant, TMEM156-003. It has one transmembrane region and is 179 amino acids in length resulting in a lower molecular mass of 20.9 kDa.[6] In addition the isoelectric point is 7.0633 and the gene has four transcripts.[7]

This image depicts the various transcript variants of TMEM156. It can be observed here that there are two variants that have protein coding function and two that are just processed transcripts.

[5]

Exons: TMEM156 consists of nine total exons, their length and gene coordinates are listed accordingly.[8]
Type Length Gene Coordinates
Alternative exon 1 64 bp 1 to 64
Alternative exon 2 912 bp 4 to 915
Exon 3 270 bp 11439 to 11708
Exon 4 261 bp 15807 to 16067
Exon 5 120 bp 17760 to 17879
Exon 6 84 bp 19305 to 19388
Exon 7 80 bp 33260 to 33339
Exon 8 95 bp 33907 to 34001
Exon 9 37 bp 37247 to 37283

Isoforms

There is one known isoform of TMEM156. This particular isoform uses an alternate in-frame splice site in the 3' coding region. The resulting isoform is shorter than the original.[9]

Protein

Primary structure

The TMEM156 protein is 296 amino acids in length. It has a molecular weight of 34.323 kDa and an isoelectric point of 7.98.[10] The protein interacts with the membrane three total times as seen in the figure below.

This image depicts the interaction of the protein with the membrane of the Endoplasmic Reticulum. It can be seen here that the protein crosses the membrane three times.[11]

Secondary Structure

TMEM156 has a secondary structure composed of primarily α-helices. Phyre was used to create this structure that can be viewed on the right hand side of this article. It is evident that the predicted protein structure is vastly composed of α-helices. The N terminus is located at the top of the image and the C terminus is at the bottom.[12]

Phyre software was used to create a predicted 3-D structure of TMEM156. It can be seen that this protein is composed vastly of alpha helices. The N terminus is on the top of the image and the C terminus is located on the bottom.

Tertiary Structure

This structure was predicted by analyzing the amino acid sequence using I-TASSER. The final result can be see below.[13]

I-TASSER software was used to predict the tertiary structure of TMEM156. It is evident that the protein is composed primarily of alpha helices as seen by the magenta coils.

Post-Translational Modifications

Glycosylation at Asn 45 and Asn 156 along with N-glycosylation seen in the portion of the protein that is found in the cytoplasm.[14]

Subcellular Location

The k-NN tool suggests the location of TMEM156 in the Endoplasmic Reticulum of the cell with 44.4% certainty. The following locations were all predicted with 11.1% certainty: vacuolar, vesicles of secretory system, extracellular, plasma membrane, and mitochondrial.[15]

Expression

TMEM156 is expressed in several tissues including ascites, bone marrow, salivary glands, and vascular to name a few. This gene is not ubiquitously expressed, but is still evident in many tissues. This gene is predominately expressed in adults but there is a bit of expression in fetuses.[16]

Interacting Proteins
  • C12orf55-chromosome 12 open reading frame 55
  • FAM92B-family with sequence similarity 92, member B
  • NUGGC-nuclear GTPase, germinal center associated
    • plays a role as replication-related GTPase
  • CEACAM21-carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhension molecule 21
  • CPNES-copine V
    • may function in membrane trafficking
    • exhibits calcium-dependent phosphilipid binding properties
  • FCRL1-Fc receptor-like 1
    • may function as an activating coreceptor in B-cells
    • may function in B-cell activation and differentiation
  • MEI1-meiosis inhibitor 1
    • required for normal meiotic chromosome synapsis
    • may be involved in meiotic double strand breaks
  • MZB1-marginal zone B and B1 cell-specific protein
    • associates with immunoglobulin M (IgM) both heavy and light chains
      • promotoes IgM assembly and secretion
  • SPAG4-sperm associated antigen 4
    • may assist the organization and assembly of outer dense fibers (specific fibers to the sperm tail)
  • SLC17A9-solute carrier family 17, member 9
    • involved in vesicular storage and exocytosis of ATP[17]

Homology

Transmembrane protein 156 has one known paralog. It also has various orthologs within eukaryotes. The table below compares an overarching sample of the known orthologs and one paralog.[18] The specific lineage of TMEM156 is: Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Homindae; Homo.[1]

Organism Common Name Accession Number Sequence Identity Sequence Similarity Notes
Homo sapiens Humans XP_011512056 100% 100% Mammal
Phycicoccus sp. Root101 WP_056919608 36% 56% Archaea
Medicago truncatula barrel medic XP_003600988 52% 73% Plantae
Acanthisitta chloris rifleman KFP78611 28% 49% Aves
Struthio camelus australis KFV80462 30% 48% Aves
Chaetura pelagica chimeny swift KFU95974 31% 50% Aves
Tauraco erythrolophus red-crested turaco XP_009989935 32% 48% Aves
Chlamydotis macqueenii Macqueen's bustard XP_010113687 33% 50% Aves
Chelonia mydas green sea turtle XP_007059764 35% 54% Reptile
Alligator mississippiensis america alligator XP_006273714 36% 56% Reptile
Dasypus novemcinctus nine-banded armadillo XP_004459440 73% 81% Mammal
Felis catus domestic cat XP_006931228 68% 77% Mammal
Panthera tigris altaica amur tiger XP_007098927 69% 78% Mammal
Bubalus bubalis water buffalo XP_006066188 72% 83% Mammal
Capra hircus goat XP_005681569 72% 83% Mammal
Leptonychotes weddellii weddell seal XP_006732368 72% 82% Mammal
Ovis aries sheep XP_012035193 73% 84% Mammal
Bison bison bison bison XP_010831883.1 74% 84% Mammal
Camelus bactrianus bactrian camel XP_010960972 74% 85% Mammal
Vicugna pacos alpaca XP_015099523 75% 86% Mammal
Pteropus vampyrus large flying fox XP_011364299 79% 89% Mammal
Homo sapiens humans NP_061028.3 47% 58% Mammal


References
  1. "TMEM156 transmembrane protein 156 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2016-05-08.
  2. "Gene: TMEM156". e!Ensembl. Ensembl. March 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
  3. "genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=tmem156". www.genecards.org. Retrieved 2016-05-03.
  4. "genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=TMEM156". www.genecards.org. Retrieved 2016-04-27.
  5. "Gene: TMEM156 (OTTHUMG00000128582) - Summary - Homo sapiens - Vega Genome Browser 64". vega.sanger.ac.uk. Retrieved 2016-05-05.
  6. "Tissue expression of TMEM156 - Summary - The Human Protein Atlas". www.proteinatlas.org. Retrieved 2016-05-05.
  7. "Ensembl genome browser 78: Homo sapiens - Protein summary - Transcript: TMEM156-003 (ENST00000344606)". dec2014.archive.ensembl.org. Retrieved 2016-05-05.
  8. [email protected], Danielle Thierry-Mieg and Jean Thierry-Mieg, NCBI/NLM/NIH. "AceView: Gene:Tmem156, a comprehensive annotation of human, mouse and worm genes with mRNAs or ESTsAceView". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2016-05-03.
  9. "TMEM156 transmembrane protein 156 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2016-05-04.
  10. "TMEM156 - Transmembrane protein 156 - human protein (Proteomics)". www.nextprot.org. Retrieved 2016-05-04.
  11. "TopPred". mobyle.pasteur.fr. Retrieved 2016-05-04.
  12. "Phyre 2 Results for Undefined". www.sbg.bio.ic.ac.uk. Retrieved 2016-05-06.
  13. "I-TASSER server for protein structure and function prediction". zhanglab.ccmb.med.umich.edu. Retrieved 2016-05-08.
  14. "TMEM156 - Transmembrane protein 156 - human protein (Proteomics)". www.nextprot.org. Retrieved 2016-04-27.
  15. "PSORT WWW Server". psort.hgc.jp. Retrieved 2016-05-05.
  16. "EST Profile - Hs.374147". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2016-05-04.
  17. "TMEM156 protein (Homo sapiens) - STRING network view". string-db.org. Retrieved 2016-04-28.
  18. "BLAST: Basic Local Alignment Search Tool". blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-29.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.