Tell Keisan

Tell Keisan, تل كيسون (Arabic name meaning "the mound of treachery") or Tel Kisson, תל כיסון (Hebrew name), is an archaeological site located 8 km from the Mediterranean coast in the Galilee region of Israel between Haifa and Akko.[1] The tell is approximately 15 acres in size[2] and is composed of the accumulated ruins of many large cities dating back to the Chalcolithic period.[3]

Tell Keisan
תל כיסון‎ · تل كيسان
Shown within Israel
Alternative nameTel Kisson, Tel Kison
Location
RegionGalilee
Coordinates32°52′23.16″N 35°9′2.88″E
Area15 Acres, 60.7 Dunhams
History
PeriodsBronze Age, Iron Age/Phoenician, Assyrian, Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine

History

The Galilee region is known for agricultural production, particularly olive oil. Tell Keisan is thought to have been a major granary for Akko.[2] Tell Keisan is located off the ancient road of Via Maris which connected Egypt and Syria.[3] Some scholars hypothesize that at one point in its history it was the city of Achshaph or Biblical Cabul.[3]

Tell Keisan was very large and prosperous in the early and middle Bronze Age. At this time it was fortified with a glacis and stone wall.[2] In the late Bronze Age, the settlement was significantly smaller[3] and a destruction level is distinguishable around the early 12 century BCE. It was rebuilt and reoccupied at the beginning of the Iron Age in the second half of the 11th century and appeared successful and "stratigraphically undisturbed." It is hypothesized that during the Iron Age it was a Tyrian enclave of Phoenicia.[2] In the 8th century it was again destroyed and abandoned. Reinhabited in the 7th c. where there is archaeological evidence of Assyrian civilization, and destroyed again by the end of that century. It was reoccupied throughout Persian and Hellenistic periods and again abandoned in the 2nd century BCE.

Strabo refers to the city of Acre as once a rendezvous for the Persians in their expeditions against Egypt. According to historians such as Diodurus Siculus and Strabo, King Cambyses II attacked Egypt after massing a huge army on the plains near the city of Acre. In December 2018 archaeologists digging at the site of Tell Keisan in Acre unearthed the remains of a Persian military outpost that might have played a role in the successful 525 B.C. Achaemenid invasion of Egypt. The Persian-period fortifications at Tell Keisan were later heavily damaged during Alexander's fourth-century B.C. campaign to drive the Achaemenids out of the Levant.[4][5]

There is archaeological evidence of Roman artifacts and a major road passing on the west side of the tell was paved during the Roman period. A church was built during the Byzantine period and lasted until the 7th century CE. The land of Akko changed hands between the crusaders and Arab army of Saladin a number of times in the 12th and 13th centuries, and Tell Keisan was used by Saladin as a base.[3]

Today the tell is located on a privately owned farm. A portion of the tell is currently a cultivated olive grove.

Excavations

1935-1936
  • Conducted by J. Garstang and A. Rowe.[1]
  • Neilson expedition.

1971-1979
  • Led by R. de Vaux, J. Pringnaud, J. Briend, and J.-B. Humbert.[1]
  • L'École Biblique et Archéologique Française in Jerusalem.
  • Unearthed a church and a stone carving of a cross dated to the 6th c. CE.[3]
  • According to Pritchard (1981), this excavation is of major importance to the archaeological understanding of the Iron age in this region.[6]

2002
  • Directed by Y. Tepper, with the assistance of Y. Ya‘aqoby and Y. Dangor.
  • Conducted on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority and funded by the Municipality of Tamra.[7]
  • Dig conducted north east of the tell.
  • Discovered ruins spanning multiple periods which show that the city extended the boundary of the tell at times.

2005 & 2006
  • Four small digs of the wall and areas surrounding the tell, conducted by the Israel Antiquities Authority in tandem with various other institutions.[3][8][9][10]

2016 & 2018

Archaeological features

Silver Hoard
Main article: Cisjordan Corpus

Phoenician era Tell Keisan, particularly during the second half of the 11th century BC, is one of the find spots of silver hoards belonging to the Cisjordan corpus of hacksilber. The hoard was found in the courtyard of a domestic complex inside of a Phoenician Bichrome jug in Stratum 9a, Area B, L635.[12] The hoard is the dated the earliest of the hoards in the Cisjordan corpus.[13] The hoard includes cut ingots, sheets, wires, rods, jewelry, four linen wrapped bundles of hacksilber sealed with unbaked clay bullae, and loose fragments. The total weight of the hoard was 345g.[14] Tell Keisan along with Tel Dor are the only locations in the Near East where bundles sealed with bullae have been found.[13] The silver found here contains copper percentages, (19 ± 12.6%), that is much higher than naturally occurring amounts. Eshel et al. infers that this indicates that copper was intentionally added to the silver. This is one of the factors that causes Eshel et al. to refute the idea that the Cisjordan corpus was quality controlled.[13]

Transport Amphorae

"Loop handle jars" are transport amphorae with two large handles that extend well above the lip of the jar. Dozens of loop handle jars were found in Tell Keisan. One variety of these jars, which were biconical shaped, dated to around 700-650 BCE. L. Courtois (1980) determined through petrographic analysis that these pots could not have been made locally in Tell Keisan. Gunneweg and Perlman (1991)[15] traced the clay used to make these pots back to Kalopsida in Eastern Cyprus. They established this through Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA), comparing the composition of pots from Tell Keisan to clays from various potential sources. The clays seen in Tell Keisan appeared in two types, buff pink and grey green. These two are in fact of the same chemical composition and vary in color due to oxygenation conditions during firing. This variation was stated to be typical of the clay source in Kalopsida. In their analysis they also refute previous claims that this variety of loop handle jars originated from Rhodes, based again on chemical composition.[15] It is also thought that the large quantities of bevel rimmed bowls, in comparison to other nearby locations, suggest a strong tie to Cyprus.[16]

References
  1. Bryce, Trevor (2009-09-10). The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire. Routledge. ISBN 9781134159086.
  2. Markoe, Glenn (2000). Phoenicians. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520226142.
  3. "Tel Kisson". biblewalks.com. Retrieved 2018-04-29.
  4. "2,500-Year-Old Persian Military Base Found In Northern Israel". 2015. Haaretz.Com. Accessed December 26 2018. .
  5. Powell, Eric. 2018. "A Persian Military Outpost Identified In Israel - Archaeology Magazine". Archaeology.Org. Accessed December 26 2018. .
  6. Pritchard, James B. (1981). "Review of Tell Keisan (1971-1976): une cité phénicienne en Galilée" (PDF). American Journal of Archaeology. 85 (4): 499–500. doi:10.2307/504884. JSTOR 504884.
  7. "Volume 119 Year 2007 Tel Kison (North)". www.hadashot-esi.org.il. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
  8. "Volume 122 Year 2010 Tel Kison". www.hadashot-esi.org.il. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
  9. "Volume 124 Year 2012 Tel Kison". www.hadashot-esi.org.il. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
  10. "Volume 120 Year 2008 Tel Kison". www.hadashot-esi.org.il. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
  11. https://keisan.uchicago.edu/
  12. Pritchard, James B.; Briend, Jacques; Humbert, Jean-Baptiste (October 1981). "Tell Keisan (1971-1976): une cité phénicienne en Galilée" (PDF). American Journal of Archaeology. 85 (4): 499. doi:10.2307/504884. ISSN 0002-9114. JSTOR 504884.
  13. Tzilla Eshel; Naama Yahalom-Mack; Sariel Shalev; Ofir Tirosh; Yigal Erel; Ayelet Gilboa (2018). "Four Iron Age Silver Hoards from Southern Phoenicia: From Bundles to Hacksilber". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 379 (379): 197–228. doi:10.5615/bullamerschoorie.379.0197. ISSN 0003-097X.
  14. THOMPSON, CHRISTINE M. (February 2003). "SEALED SILVER IN IRON AGE CISJORDAN AND THE 'INVENTION' OF COINAGE". Oxford Journal of Archaeology. 22 (1): 67–107. doi:10.1111/1468-0092.00005. ISSN 0262-5253.
  15. Gunneweg, J.; Perlman, I. (1991). "THE ORIGIN OF "LOOP-HANDLE JARS" FROM TELL KEISAN". Revue Biblique (1946-). 98 (4): 591–599. JSTOR 44089078.
  16. Schreiber, Nicola (2003). The Cypro-Phoenician Pottery of the Iron Age. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004128545.
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