tert-Butyl isocyanide

tert-Butyl isocyanide is an organic compound with the formula Me3CNC (Me = methyl, CH3). It is an isocyanide, commonly called isonitrile or carbylamine, as defined by the functional group C≡N-R. tert-Butyl isocyanide, like most alkyl isocyanides, is a reactive colorless liquid with an extremely unpleasant odor. It forms stable complexes with transition metals and can insert into metal-carbon bonds.[1]

tert-Butyl isocyanide
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
2-Isocyano-2-methylpropane
Other names
t-BuNC
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.027.776
Properties
C5H9N
Molar mass 83.13 g/mol
Appearance Colorless liquid
Density 0.735 g/cm3, liquid
Boiling point 91 °C (196 °F; 364 K)
N/A
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

tert-Butyl isocyanide is prepared by a Hofmann carbylamine reaction. In this conversion, a dichloromethane solution of tert-butylamine is treated with chloroform and aqueous sodium hydroxide in the presence of catalytic amount of the phase transfer catalyst benzyltriethylammonium chloride.[2]

Me3CNH2 + CHCl3 + 3 NaOH → Me3CNC + 3 NaCl + 3 H2O

tert-Butyl isocyanide is isomeric with pivalonitrile, also known as tert-butyl cyanide. The difference, as with all carbylamine analogs of nitriles, is that the bond joining the CN functional group to the parent molecule is made on the nitrogen, not the carbon.

Coordination chemistry
Main article: Transition metal isocyanide complexes

By virtue of the lone electron pair on carbon, isocyanides serves as ligands in coordination chemistry, especially with metals in the 0, +1, and +2 oxidation states. tert-Butyl isocyanide has been shown to stabilize metals in unusual oxidation states, such as Pd(I).[3]

Pd(dba)2 + PdCl2(C6H5CN)2 + 4 t-BuNC → [(t-BuNC)2PdCl]2 + 2 dba + 2 C6H5CN

tert-Butyl isocyanide can form hepta-coordinate homoleptic complexes, despite having a large t-Bu group, which is held far away from the metal center because of the linearity of the M-C≡N-C linkages.[4]

tert-Butyl isocycanide forms complexes that are stoichiometrically analogous to certain binary metal carbonyl complexes, such as Fe2(CO)9 and Fe2(tBuNC)9.[5]

Safety

Tert-butyl isocyanide is toxic. Its behavior is similar to that of its close electronic relative carbon monoxide.

References
  1. Malatesta, L. Isocyanide Complexes of MetalsProgress in Inorganic Chemistry, 1959, volume 1, 284-291.
  2. Gokel, G.W.; Widera, R.P.; Weber, W.P. (1988). "Phase-transfer Hofmann carbylamine reaction: tert-butyl isocyanide". 55: 232. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.055.0096. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. Rettig, M.F.; Maitlis, P.M.; Cotton, F.A.; Webb, T.R. Tetrakis(tert-butyl isocyanide)Di-μ-chloro-dipalladium(I). Inorganic Syntheses, 1990, 28, 110-113. ISBN 0-470-13259-0. doi:10.1002/9780470132593.ch29
  4. Carnahan, E.M.; Protasiewicz, J.D.; Lippard, S.J. 15 years of reductive coupling: what have we learned? Acc. Chem. Res. 1993, 26, 90-97
  5. Bassett, J.M.; Barker, G.K.; Green, M.; Howard, J.A.; Stone, G.A.; Wolsey, W.C. "Chemistry of low-valent metal isocyanide complexes" J.C.S. Dalton, 1981, 219-227.
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