The Abbot's Fish House, Meare

The Abbot's Fish House in Meare, Somerset, England, was built in the 14th century and has been designated as a Grade I listed building and Scheduled Ancient Monument.[1][2][3] It is the only surviving monastic fishery building in England.[4]

The Abbot's Fish House
Location within Somerset
General information
Town or cityMeare
CountryEngland
Coordinates51.1718°N 2.7760°W / 51.1718; -2.7760
Completed14th century
Sketch by John Buckler, 1826
The interior in 2014

Fishing was an important source of food for the monks of Glastonbury Abbey. Fishing was carried out in artificial ponds, which were mentioned at Meare in the Domesday Book and from the River Brue and Meare Pool. The present rectangular stone building was constructed by the abbot between 1322 and 1335 for the storage and processing of the fish and as a residence for the chief fisherman. After the Dissolution of the Monasteries the building fell into disrepair and it was seriously damaged by fire in the 1880s. Some restoration has been undertaken during the 20th century, including the replacement of the roof in the 1920s.

History

The fish ponds surrounding the Fish House were recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 when they were tended by ten fishermen. The fishponds, which were connected with drains and gullies were up to 30 metres (98 ft) long and 5 metres (16 ft) wide.[5] These were connected to the Meare Pool and the River Brue.[3] At one point 5,000 eels were caught each year.[6] Pike, Bream and "white fish" were also caught.[7] Meare Pool was formed by water ponding-up behind the raised peat bogs between the Wedmore and the Polden Hills, and coring has shown that it is filled with at least 2 metres (6.6 ft) of detritus mud,[8] especially in the Subatlantic climatic period (1st millennium BC).[9] Early drainage work was carried out in the later years of the 12th century, with the responsibility for maintaining all the watercourses between Glastonbury and the sea being placed on named individuals among whom were Ralph de Sancta Barbara of Brentmarsh.[10] Its precise boundaries varied according to season, and, over the longer term, as efforts were made to drain the area. The south end was bordered by the high ground that the village of Meare is built upon. The pond would have extended no further west than the current Westhay to Wedmore road, where a shelf of rock formed a natural boundary. To the north lies the Godney ridge. The eastern extent is harder to determine, and it may have gone as far as the site of the Glastonbury Lake Village.[11] The importance of this industry is illustrated by a series of acrimonious disputes between Glastonbury and the Dean and Chapter of Wells Cathedral.[12] The Abbey required fish on Fridays, fast days and during Lent. Drainage of the surrounding area by monks of Glastonbury Abbey had reduced the size of the lake to 500 acres (200 ha) at the time of the Dissolution of the Monasteries. Meare Pool had disappeared from maps by 1749.[11]

The current fish house was built between 1322 and 1335 when Adam of Sodbury was the Abbot of Glastonbury who also built the Church of St Mary in the village and the Manor House as his summer residence.[2][13][14] It may have replaced a previous abbey building.[15] The upper floor was the abode of the chief fisherman when he visited intermittently and the ground floor was used for storing nets and the salting and preparing fish.[1][16][17] Some alterations were made, probably in the 15th century.[15]

Meare Pool was drained after the Dissolution of the Monasteries and the fish house fell into disrepair. It suffered a fire in the 1880s,[18] which destroyed the roof and gutted the interior. In 1893 some repairs were made to the walls,[19] although the roof was not replaced until work was undertaken by the Ministry of Works in the 1920s, with further conservation being carried out in the 1960s.[15] A piece of timber from the building was subject to dendrochronology testing in an attempt to provide a more specific date for the buildings construction, but the results proved inconclusive.[15]

In 1910 the building was inspected by Charles Reed Peers under the Ancient Monuments Protection Act 1900 and taken into state guardianship.[20] The fish house is now in the care of English Heritage.[17]

Architecture

The rectangular Blue Lias stone building has a stone tiled roof. It is 12.4 metres (41 ft) long and 6.6 metres (22 ft) wide.[3] The ground floor had three rooms, one larger than the others which had a fireplace, and a door in the southern wall.[3] The larger room was the hall and linked by arched doorways to the smaller rooms.[21] There were two rooms on the first floor, which were damaged in the fire of 1884, which also has a small entrance door which was accessed via exterior stone steps which no longer exist. There was also a latrine in a turret which no longer exists.[21] There are small traceried arched windows.[2]

See also

References
  1. Historic England. "The Abbot's Fish House (1345067)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
  2. Historic England. "The Abbot's Fish House (1345067)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
  3. Historic England. "The Abbot's Fish House and Fishponds (1008018)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
  4. "Meare Fish House". English Heritage. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
  5. Historic England. "Monument No. 1059645". PastScape. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
  6. Searle, Muriel (2002). Somerset. Enton. p. 60. ISBN 9781841508023.
  7. Siraut, M.C.; Thacker, A.T.; Williamson, Elizabeth. "'Parishes: Meare', in A History of the County of Somerset: Volume 9, Glastonbury and Street". British History Online. Victoria County History. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
  8. Rippon, Stephen (2004). "Making the Most of a Bad Situation? Glastonbury Abbey, Meare, and the Medieval Exploitation of Wetland Resources in the Somerset Levels" (PDF). Medieval Archaeology. Maney Publishing. 48: 119. doi:10.1179/007660904225022816. hdl:10036/20952.
  9. Godwin, H.; W. A. Macfadyen (1955). "Studies of the Post-Glacial History of British Vegetation. XIII. The Meare Pool Region of the Somerset Levels". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. Royal Society. 239 (662): 161–190. Bibcode:1955RSPTB.239..161G. doi:10.1098/rstb.1955.0008.
  10. "'Introduction', A History of the County of Somerset: Volume 8: The Poldens and the Levels". A History of the County of Somerset: Volume 8. Victoria County History. pp. 1–7. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
  11. Bulleid, L.R.C.P., F.S.A., Arthur; Harold St. George Gray, M.A., F.S.A. (1948). The Meare Lake Village. Taunton: pub. privately. pp. 1–14. Archived from the original on 17 February 2012.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. Rippon, Stephen (2004). "Making the Most of a Bad Situation? Glastonbury Abbey, Meare, and the Medieval Exploitation of Wetland Resources in the Somerset Levels" (PDF). Medieval Archaeology. Maney Publishing. 48: 91–130. doi:10.1179/007660904225022816. hdl:10036/20952.
  13. Historic England. "Church of St Mary (1058750)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
  14. Rippon, Stephen (2004). "Making the Most of a Bad Situation? Glastonbury Abbey, Meare, and the Medieval Exploitation of Wetland Resources in the Somerset Levels" (PDF). Medieval Archaeology. 48: 91–130. doi:10.1179/007660904225022816. hdl:10036/20952.
  15. Historic England. "Abbots Fish House (194144)". PastScape. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
  16. Impey, Edward (2013). "A House for Fish or Men? The Structure, Function and Significance of the Fish House at Meare, Somerset". English Heritage Historical Review. 4 (1): 22–35. doi:10.1179/175201609799838492.
  17. Warren, Derrick (2005). Curious Somerset. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-7509-4057-3.
  18. "Somersetshire Archaeological Society Annual Meeting". Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette. British Newspaper Archive. 10 September 1885. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
  19. "Abbot's fish house, Meare". Somerset Historic Environment Record. South West Heritage Trust. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
  20. "History of Meare Fish House". English Heritage. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
  21. "Description of Meare Fish House". English Heritage. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
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