Thomas Wroth (died 1573)

Sir Thomas Wroth (c. 1518 – 9 October 1573) was an English courtier, landowner and politician, a supporter of the Protestant Reformation and a prominent figure among the Marian exiles.[1][2]

For the English parliamentarian and author (1584–1672), grandson of this Thomas, see Thomas Wroth (politician, 17th century).

Family origins

The Tudor-age family of Wroth of Enfield[3] derived from the marriage of John Wroth and Maud Durrant.[4][5] Both were descendants of Hugh du Plessis (nephew of John du Plessis, 7th Earl of Warwick) and Muriel de Wrotham, an heiress of the family of William de Wrotham, who had been Constable of Dover Castle in the time of King John.[6] Maud's father Thomas Durrant the younger, son of Hugh's granddaughter (by his eldest son) Avelina, built the residence of Durrants at Enfield and held estates at Edmonton. John Wroth was great-grandson of Hugh's youngest son Richard (died c. 1292), who became established at Enfield under the name of de Wrotham. The lines and estates of John and Maud were united in their son William.[7]

John Wroth, great-grandson of John and Maud, married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Roger Lewknor of Broadhurst (Horsted Keynes, Sussex), and the heiress Eleanor Camoys, in c. 1456. Their grandson Robert Wroth (of Durrants at Enfield,[8] and of North Newton in North Petherton, Somerset[9]), of Gray's Inn,[10] married Jane, daughter of Sir Thomas Hawte (died 1505, son of Sir William Hawte) and his wife Isabel Frowyk, sister of Sir Thomas Frowyk.[11][12] (Jane was the widow of Thomas Goodere of Monken Hadley, Middlesex, by whom she had children including Francis, politician,[13] and Anne, wife of Sir George Penruddock of Ivychurch, Wiltshire.) Robert Wroth was one of the commissioners appointed to inquire into Thomas Wolsey's possessions in 1529, and from 1531 Attorney of the Duchy of Lancaster. He sat for Middlesex in the Reformation parliament (1529–1535).[14] He and Jane had four sons, Thomas, Oliver,[15] John[16] and William,[17] and two daughters, Dorothy and Susan.[18][19] By his will of 1536 Wroth indicated his expectation that his daughter Dorothy should marry his ward Edward Lewknor.[20]

Youth and marriage

Robert Wroth became a friend of Thomas Cromwell's, and for two years before his death in 1536 shared with him the stewardship of Westminster Abbey. Thomas Wroth, the eldest son, entered St. John's College, Cambridge, but seems to have taken no degree.[21] In 1536, becoming a ward of the king,[22] he was admitted student of Gray's Inn,[23] and on 4 October his wardship and marriage were granted to Cromwell.[24] Cromwell sold the marriage in 1539 to Sir Richard Rich for three hundred marks, who provided for his third daughter, Mary, by arranging her betrothal to Thomas.[25] Wroth was granted livery of his lands on 24 April 1540, and in that and the following year Rich secured for his daughter's husband the manors of Highbury (forfeited by Cromwell) and Enfield, and of Beymondhall (i.e. Beaumond Hall)[26] at Cheshunt, with its manorial appurtenances in Wormley in Hertfordshire,[27] belonging to various dissolved monasteries.

Favour

On 18 December 1544 Wroth was returned to parliament as one of the knights of the shire for Middlesex, and in the following year, reputedly through Thomas Cranmer's influence, was appointed Gentleman-Usher of the Privy Chamber to Prince Edward.[28] He served in that office during Edward VI's reign, being dubbed a Knight of the Carpet at the King's coronation on 22 February 1546/7,[29] and was one of the young king's principal favourites.[30] In September 1547 he was sent to the Protector Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset in Scotland with Edward's letters congratulating him on his victory at the Battle of Pinkie,[31] and in July 1548 was one of the witnesses against Bishop Stephen Gardiner for his sermon in St. Paul's Cathedral.[32] He probably represented Middlesex in the parliament that sat from 1547 to 1552, but the returns are wanting. After Somerset's fall Wroth was on 15 October 1549 appointed one of the four principal gentlemen of the privy chamber, his fidelity to the Earl of Warwick's interests being secured by doubling the ordinary salary of £50. With Lord Rich he was jointly lieutenant of Waltham Forest from 1549.[33] He held the office of King's standard-bearer during the minority of Sir Anthony Browne the younger.[34]

Wroth received 'an astonishing prodigality of grants of land, lordships, reversions, hereditaments'.[35] In December 1549, extended in July 1550,[36] he was granted the Great and Little Parks of Great Bardfield, and the lordships and manors of Chigwell and West Hatch (Chigwell) in Essex.[37] He was granted, but at once surrendered, the offices of keeper or steward of the manors of Elsing and Worcetors at Enfield, and of Edmonton, and Keeper and Master of the Hunt of the New Park at Enfield, in reversion.[38] The manors of Northall and Downebarnes (Northolt, Middlesex)[39] and Hampstead,[40] and the advowson of Greenford (Middlesex) came to him by royal Letters Patent in April 1550.[41] On 14 April 1551 he was made Lord Lieutenant of Middlesex jointly with William Paget. He received grants of Bishops Lydeard in Somerset, Theydon Bois,[42] Berden Priory and elsewhere in 1551, and of Abingdon Abbey, Berkshire, in 1552.[43] On 29 November 1551 he was present at the disputation on the Sacrament held in William Cecil's house.[44][45]

In the time of King Henry VI William Wrothe had held the valuable office of Forester of Petherton Park at North Petherton in Somerset, in succession to the Chaucer family. In 1508 Robert Wroth, father of Sir Thomas, was granted the same title by Henry VII for a term of 30 years, although the same was granted by Henry VIII to William Courtenay in 1513. In 1550 Sir Thomas petitioned King Edward to be admitted forester in fee of the King's Forests of Exmoor, Neroche, Mendip and Selwood, in consideration of the fact that he was a descendant and representative of William de Wrotham (who had been lord of the manor of Newton-Forester (nearby) during the time of King Richard I), and that he (Thomas) was inheritor and possessor of the greater part of that manor[46] (among several others now combined as Newton-Wrothe). In October 1551 he was granted licence for his servants to shoot at fowl, mammals, fishes or deer with crossbow or handgun, an especially reserved right.[47] The Wroth lands at Petherton descended to Robert Wroth (1576–1614, grandson of Sir Thomas by his son Robert, and husband of Mary Sidney (Lady Wroth)), who dissipated them, and after his death were purchased by Sir Thomas Wroth (grandson of Sir Thomas by his son Thomas of Bexley), who re-established the Wroth fortunes at Petherton Park.[48][49]

Somerset's second fall brought Wroth further grants; on 22 January 1552, the day of the Protector's execution, he was sent to Sion House to report on the number and ages of the duke's sons, daughters, and servants, and on 7 June following was given a twenty-one years' lease of Sion. This he is said to have surrendered on an assurance that Edward designed it for some public charity. He received the manor of Basettes Fee, and St Leonard's Forest and manor at Horsham, Sussex, from the attainder of the Duke of Norfolk.[50] In 1552, and again in 1553, he was one of the commissioners for the lord-lieutenancy of Middlesex, and in February 1552/3 he was again knight of the shire for Middlesex in Edward's last parliament. He was not a member of the privy council, but was one of those whom Edward VI proposed in March 1551/2 to ‘call into commission,’ his name appearing on the committees of the council which were to execute penal laws and proclamations and to examine into the state of all the courts, especially the new courts of augmentations, first-fruits and tenths, and wards.[51] In December 1552 he was placed on a further commission for the recovery of debts owing to the king from his paymasters.[52]

He was one of the adventurers (investors) in the 1552 Second voyage to Barbary (Morocco), led by Thomas Wyndham, which traded for three months at Santa Cruz de Tenerife.[53] He was also among the investors in the first voyages of Sir Hugh Willoughby and Richard Chancellor in search of a north-east passage to Cathay: his name appears among the incorporated founders of the Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands listed in Mary's charter of February 1554/55, though already then living abroad in exile.[54]

Exile 1554–1558

Wroth was until July 1553 in close attendance upon Edward VI, who is said to have died in his arms.[55] He obtained from Edward (at a late stage) the right to devolve his manors and lands upon his wife and heirs in the making of his own will.[56] He signed the king's letters patent limiting the crown to Lady Jane Grey,[57] but apparently took no overt part in Northumberland's insurrection. He was sent to the Tower of London on 27 July,[58] but was soon released. In January 1554, however, when Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk was meditating his second rising, Lord John Grey had an interview with Wroth, and urged him to join.[59] Suspicion inevitably fell upon Wroth, as cousin-german to Jane Haute, wife of Thomas Wyatt the Younger. Gardiner proposed his arrest on the 27th, but Wroth escaped to the Continent.

Wroth travelled with Sir John Cheke, who was carrying a royal licence, and they reached Padua in July 1554.[60] Many English exiles were gathered there, among them Sir Henry Neville,[61] Sir John Cutts, Henry Kingsmill[62] and Henry Cornwallis, and they were joined in late August by Sir Thomas Hoby, and by Sir Anthony Cooke.[63] In late October 1554 Wroth, Cheke and Cooke, with their companies, joined with the Hoby party on an excursion to Mantua and Ferrara, returning to Padua in late November.[64] The following August, Hoby's company having proceeded to Caldero beside Verona, Wroth and Cheke joined them there from Padua, avoiding a fresh outbreak of the plague, and they travelled north together through Rovereto, Innsbruck and Munich to Augsburg, where they arrived on 28 August 1555. After this the Hobys went on to Frankfurt, but Wroth and Cheke diverted to Strasbourg, and remained there.[65] In May 1556 John Cheke and Sir Peter Carew were seized in Flanders on the orders of King Philip and despatched unceremoniously to the Tower of London.[66]

In the Spring of 1556 Wroth's brother-in-law Edward Lewknor was drawn into the conspiracy of Henry Dudley and Henry Peckham against Mary. On 6 June Lewknor was arrested and committed to the Tower. The following day Mary issued orders to William Paget for the leading exiles (Sir Thomas Wroth heading the list of nine names) to be summoned immediately to England, "all excuses, delayes, lettes, hindrances and other occasions happening to you whatsoever utterly sett ap[ar]te", to appear before the King and Queen and privy council on the last day of October to answer such matters as may be objected against them, not failing upon their faith or allegiance.[67] John Brett was despatched with this commission on 16 June. As Lewknor lay attainted and condemned in the Tower awaiting execution or pardon, Wroth in Strasbourg evaded the unwelcome missive and its unhappy bearer[68] and instead obtained right of residence there.[69] Lewknor died in the Tower in September 1556,[70] as Cheke was writing his letter of submission to Queen Mary.[71]

Wroth's brother Oliver had been in company in England with some of the conspirators, and at their arrest had fled to France, where he continued to have dealings with Henry Dudley and his friends. In Paris in November 1556 he gave information to Mary's ambassador at Poissy, Dr Nicholas Wotton, of French designs to exploit Dudley to subvert the allegiance of the English lieutenant at Hampnes near Calais. Oliver had favourable opportunities of marriage and employment in Paris, but wrote to Wotton seeking royal pardon and permission to return home. Wotton at once sent him to Sir William Petre in England, bearing ciphered letters commending his loyal intentions and showing that Dudley, hearing of Oliver's petition, had men lying in wait to kill him.[72]

Thomas Wroth, having sent greetings to John Calvin through his friend François Hotman in November 1556,[73] renewed his residency at Strasbourg on 1 September 1557, on the grounds that he could not return to England for reasons of religion.[74] There he is said to have been 'very helpful to those of his godly countrymen among whom he dwelt, and particularly to Bartholomew Traheron, late Dean of Chichester.' Traheron dedicated a volume of the lectures that he read and had published there to Sir Thomas and Lady Wroth, styling them "exiles for Christ's cause".[75] Other exiles at Strasbourg were listed by John Bale, who was at Basle "for the printing-presses".[76] Lawrence Humphrey (an English theologian who had also remained abroad) dedicated to Wroth his lengthy treatise On Translation, Interpretatio Linguarum,[77] at the suggestion of Edwin Sandys and Sir Francis Walsingham.[78] François Hotman, who became involved in the Amboise conspiracy, dedicated to Wroth a volume of commentary upon De Actionibus.[79][80] Both works were published at Basle in 1559.

Return

Following Lewknor's death Queen Mary herself restored some lands to his widow.[81] Immediately upon Elizabeth's accession Wroth and Cooke returned to England, Wroth leaving a son in Hotman's care.[82] On 29 December 1558 he was elected knight of the shire for Middlesex (which he again represented in the parliament of 1562–3). He soon sought a constat or exemplification as patentee in his life office of Waltham Forest, which Lord Rich had for his part surrendered and Mary had regranted to the recusant Sir Edward Waldegrave during Wroth's exile.[83] Lewknor's heir Edward Lewknor, and his brothers and sisters, were restored in blood in March 1559.[84]

On 21 August 1559 Wroth was appointed commissioner to visit the dioceses of Ely and Norwich. In June 1562 he was nominated a special commissioner (with which Sir Nicholas Arnold and Sir W. Dixie were associated[85]) to consult with the Lord Deputy of Ireland, Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex, on the government of Ireland, and in particular to mediate in the bitter feud between Sussex and his colleague John Parker, but does not seem to have gone to Dublin (where he made reports upon church reform) until February 1564; he was recalled at his own request in August.[86] Bishop Brady referred to Wroth's painstaking efforts.[87] In 1569 he was commissioner for musters in Middlesex and for the lord-lieutenancy of London. He was assigned to the inquiry into the Papal Bull of Excommunication Regnans in Excelsis against Elizabeth posted in London in 1570, and tasked with the delivery of John Felton[88] to the Lieutenant of the Tower for torture.[89] He was also a commissioner in the case of John Story.[90] On 1 September 1571 he was sent to take an inventory of Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk's goods in the Charterhouse.

In May 1573[91] Wroth in person made a legal claim to the unpaid arrears of an annuity of £20 in respect of his appointment by Patent of Henry VIII[92] as Gentleman-Usher of the Privy Chamber to Prince Edward,[93] none of which he had ever received. It was decided that he should be paid for all the intervening years, since he had not defaulted upon his service to Prince Edward, and Henry's Patent had been binding upon the Body politic and not upon the natural bodies of Henry or his successors, whose demise came about by Act of God. The suit was awarded to him. Wroth dated his lengthy will on 5 October 1573, making Peter Osborne, Sir James Morrice, William Clerk and his brother William Wroth his executors, and adding a schedule or codicil on 9 October: all four were sworn at probate on 17 April 1575.[94] He died on 9 October 1573: his wife Mary overlived him. His executors had to pursue the recovery of the arrears of his annuity.[95]

John Ludham, vicar of Wethersfield, Essex, 1570–1613,[96] dedicated his work The Course of Christianity (1579),[97] a translation of the De Sacrae Scripturae Lectione ac Meditatione Quotidiana of Andreas Hyperius,[98] to Lady Mary Wroth, Sir Thomas's widow.[99]

Family

Thomas Wroth and Mary Rich, daughter of Richard Rich, 1st Baron Rich, left sons as follows:[100]

  • Sir Robert Wroth (c. 1540–1606), married Susan, daughter and heiress of John Stonard of Loughton, Essex, through whom he acquired the estate of Loughton.[101] They had at least four sons, the eldest of whom, Robert Wroth, was husband of Mary Sidney, Lady Wroth (daughter of Robert Sidney, 1st Earl of Leicester),[102] and the second, John, inherited the Enfield estate of Durrants.[103]
  • Richard Wroth (living 1573).
  • Thomas Wroth, admitted student of the Inner Temple in November 1564. Having settled at Blendon Hall, Bexley, Kent, he died there in 1610. He married Joan, second daughter and heir of John or Thomas Bulman, and left, besides other issue, Sir Thomas Wroth (1584–1672) and Sir Peter Wroth (died 1644), father of Sir John Wroth, a member of the Inner Temple and scholar, from whose collections John Collinson derived the account of the family printed in his Somerset,[104] and whose grandson John eventually succeeded to the Somerset property.
  • Edward Wroth (living 1573)
  • John Wroth (living 1573)
  • Gerson Wroth, born in Germany, and naturalized by Parliament on 7 and 8 March 1558/9[105] (living 1573)
  • Peter Wroth (living 1573)

and daughters:

  • Mabell Wroth (1542–1579) married (1) (1560) Edward Aucher of Bishopsbourne, Kent (c. 1539–1568), son of Sir Anthony Aucher and Affra, daughter of William Cornwallis.[106] Edward died in 1568.[107] They had a son and a daughter.[108] Bishopsbourne included the former seat of the Haute family, from whom Sir Thomas Wroth was himself descended. Mabell married (2) Richard Hardres[109] (died 1612), son of Christopher Hardres of Hardres Court, Upper Hardres, Kent and his wife Dorothy (died 1533), daughter of Sir John Paston. Mabell's tomb at Upper Hardres identifies her as Wroth's daughter by inscription and heraldry and shows that she died in August 1579. Five sons (two of whom pre-deceased her) and two daughters are named.[110]
  • Judith Wroth married Robert Burgoyne of Wroxall, Warwickshire (died 1613), son of Robert Burgoyne and Elizabeth Mundon.[111]
  • Wynefred Wroth married Thomas Goddard,[112] the son of Thomas Goddard (died 1550)[113] of Clatford Hall and the manor of Lockeridge in West Overton, Wiltshire, lands which later came to the Wroth descendants. Thomas Goddard of Clatford sold Lockeridge to Richard Wroth in 1582.[114] Thomas died in 1598, when his wife Winyfrithe, son Richard and daughters Mary, Anne, Constance and Elizabeth were all living, and asked to be buried at Preshute (in which Clatford stands).[115]
  • Elizabeth Wroth (died 1613) married (1) George Mynne (c. 1530–1581) of Hertingfordbury, Hertfordshire,[116] son of John Mynne (Clerk to the Surveyor General and Master of the Woods to Henry VIII) (died 1543)[117] and Alice Standish. They had three sons and three daughters. Elizabeth married (2) Nicholas Boteler Esquire.[118][119]
  • Anne Wroth (died c. 1623) married (as his second wife) Thomas Shurley or Shirley (died 1579) of Isfield, East Sussex,[120][121] son of Edward Shurley (died 1558) and Joan Fenner of Isfield.[122]
  • Marie Wroth (died c. 1647)[123] married (as his second wife) John Hussey, son of John Hussey of Slinfold and Cuckfield, Sussex (died 1572),[124] and his wife Margaret Apsley.[125] They had numerous issue, including Thomas Hussey senr., citizen and Grocer, alderman of London (died 1655), of Shere and Abinger in Surrey,[126] father of Thomas Hussey junr., citizen and Grocer, of Hampstead (died 1671),[127] alderman from 1661.[128]
  • Frances Wroth married Castell Carleton of Overstone, Northamptonshire, gent.[129]

In addition to these, the Suffolk Pedigrees of David Elisha Davy refer to daughters Joan and Faith Wroth,[130] and the Essex Visitations[131] show a daughter Margery who married (1) Izack Hill and (2) Thomas Wyatt.[132]

Heraldry

The Wroth heraldry, 'Argent, on a bend sable three lions' heads erased of the field crowned or', is displayed on the tomb of Mabel Hardres.[133]

References
  1. S. Lehmberg, 'Wroth, Thomas (1518?-1573), courtier and landowner', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. A.F. Pollard, 'Wroth, Thomas (1516–1573)', Dictionary of National Biography (1885–1900) Vol. 63, pp. 163-65.
  2. H. Miller, 'Wroth, Thomas (1518–73), of Durants, Enfield, Mdx. and London', in S.T. Bindoff (ed.), The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1509–1558 (Boydell & Brewer 1982), History of Parliament online
  3. D.O. Pam, 'Protestant Gentlemen: The Wroths of Durants Arbour, Enfield and Loughton, Essex', Occasional paper, Edmonton Hundred Historical Society New Series XXV (24 pp.), 1 January 1973.
  4. 'Wroth of Enfield', in G.J. Armytage (ed.), Middlesex Pedigrees collected by Richard Mundy, Harleian Society LXV (1914), p. 17. (Compare 'Wroth', 'The Visitation of Essex 1612', in W.C. Metcalfe (ed), The Visitations of Essex in 1552, 1558, 1570, 1612 and 1634, Harleian Society Vols XIII-XIV (London 1878–79), XIII, p. 330.)
  5. D. Richardson (ed. K.G. Everingham), Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, 2nd Edition (Salt Lake City 2011), IV, pp. 372–3 (ISBN 1460992709).
  6. S. Roberts, 'William de Wrotham, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports', Archaeologia Cantiana XII (1878), pp. 310-16.
  7. J. Collinson, The History and Antiquities of the County of Somerset, 3 Vols (Dilly, Robinson, Longman & Payne, London/Fletcher, Oxford 1791), III, pp. 62-69.
  8. A.P. Baggs, D.K. Bolton, E.P. Scarff and G.C. Tyack, 'Enfield: Manors', in T.F.T. Baker and R.B. Pugh (eds), A History of the County of Middlesex Vol. 5, Hendon, Kingsbury, Great Stanmore, Little Stanmore, Edmonton, Enfield, Monken Hadley, South Mimms, Tottenham (V.C.H., London 1976), pp. 224-29 (British History Online accessed 1 January 2017)
  9. A.P. Baggs and M.C. Siraut, 'North Petherton: Manors and other estates', in R.W. Dunning and C.R. Elrington (eds), A History of the County of Somerset Vol. 6, Andersfield, Cannington, and North Petherton Hundreds (Bridgwater and Neighbouring Parishes) (V.C.H., London 1992), pp. 283-300 (British History Online accessed 1 January 2017)
  10. Autumn reader, 1528: J. Foster, The Register of Admissions to Gray's Inn, 1521–1889 (Hansard, London 1889), p. 2.
  11. R. Hovenden (ed.), 'De Haut', The Visitation of Kent taken in the years 1619–1621 by John Philipot and William Camden, Harleian Society XLII (London 1898), pp. 212-14, at p. 214.
  12. Richardson, Magna Carta Ancestry, II, p. 9.
  13. T.F.T. Baker, 'Goodere, Francis (by 1514–46), of Hadley, Herts. and Polesworth, Warws.', in S.T. Bindoff (ed.), The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1509–1558 (Boydell and Brewer 1982), History of Parliament online
  14. H. Miller, 'Wroth, Robert (1488/89-1535), of Durants, Enfield, Mdx.', in S.T. Bindoff (ed.), The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1509–1558 (Boydell and Brewer, 1982) History of Parliament online
  15. Oliver's daughters Margery and Susan are mentioned in the will of Thomas Wroth (P.C.C. 1575).
  16. John (died 1556) married Elizabeth, daughter and heir of Richard Callard of Islington, Painter-Stainer (died 1544). She was the widow of Thomas Hayes (by whom she had issue), and by John Wroth she had two sons, Edward and William. After John's death she married John Clerke (died 1557), son of her father's second wife Anne by Sir John Clerke. The relationships are described under the manors of Weryngs and London Fields by A.P. Baggs, D.K. Bolton and P.E.C. Croot, 'Islington: Other estates', in T.F.T. Baker and C.R. Elrington (eds), A History of the County of Middlesex, Vol. 8: Islington and Stoke Newington Parishes (V.C.H., London 1985), pp. 57-69 (British History Online accessed 20 January 2017).
  17. William married Dionysia Wytherall: their son Richard Wroth of Younges in Standon, Hertfordshire married Kynborough Hawley: see 'Parishes: Standon', in W. Page (ed.), A History of the County of Hertford, Vol. 3 (V.C.H., London 1912), pp. 347-66. (British History Online accessed 20 January 2017).
  18. Richardson, Magna Carta Ancestry, IV, p. 372.
  19. C.M. Meale, 'The manuscripts and early audience of the Middle English Prose Merlin,' in A. Adams (ed.), The Changing Face of Arthurian Romance (D.S. Brewer, Cambridge 1986), pp. 92-111, at p. 103.
  20. Will of Robert Wroth of Durrants, Enfield (P.C.C. 1536).
  21. J. & J.A. Venn, Alumni Cantabrigienses I.iv (Cambridge University Press, 1927), pp. 468-69.
  22. Miller, 'Wroth, Thomas (1518–73)', History of Parliament.
  23. Foster, Register of Admissions to Gray's Inn, p. 11.
  24. J. Gairdner, Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Vol. XI (HMSO 1888), 943: Grants October 1536 (item 6).
  25. Gairdner, Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, XIV (ii), Miscellaneous: December 1538 & May 1539, p. 324; XV, 613: Grants April 1540 (item 9), 733: Grants May 1540 (item 64). (British History Online)
  26. 'Parishes: Cheshunt', in W. Page (ed.), A History of the County of Hertford, Vol. 3 (V.C.H., London 1912), pp. 441-58 (British History Online accessed 2 January 2017)
  27. 'Parishes: Wormley', in W. Page (ed.), A History of the County of Hertford, Vol. 3 (V.C.H., London 1912), pp. 487-90 (British History Online accessed 2 January 2017)
  28. Miller, 'Wroth, Thomas', History of Parliament online.
  29. J. Strype, Ecclesiastical Memorials Relating Chiefly to Religion, New edn., Vol. II Part 2 (Clarendon Press, Oxford 1822), p. 328-29.
  30. J.G. Nichols, 'Biographical Memoir of King Edward the Sixth', in Literary Remains of King Edward the Sixth, Roxburghe Club (J.B. Nichols and Son, London 1857), I, pp. cxvi, cxxxiv, and p. 243-44.
  31. Nichols, Literary Remains of King Edward the Sixth, I, Letter XLIX, p. 50.
  32. R.W. Dixon, History of the Church of England from the Abolition of the Roman Jurisdiction, 2nd Edition (Routledge, London) II (1895), p. 520, III (1893), p. 260-63.
  33. A.G.R.S., 'Wroth, Sir Thomas, 1518–73, of Durants, Enfield, Mdx., and London', in P.W. Hasler (ed.), The History of Parliament: The House of Commons 1558–1603 (Boydell & Brewer 1981) History of Parliament online.
  34. Calendar of Patent Rolls Edward VI vol. V, p. 406.
  35. Dixon, History of the Church of England, III, pp. 250-52.
  36. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Edward VI vol. III: 1549–51 (HMSO 1925), p. 68 (Hathi Trust); vol. IV: 1550–53 (HMSO 1926), p. 17 (Hathi Trust).
  37. 'Chigwell: Manors', in W.R. Powell (ed.), A History of the County of Essex, Vol. 4, Ongar Hundred (V.C.H., London 1956), pp. 24-32 (British History Online accessed 26 December 2016).
  38. Calendar of Patent Rolls, Edward VI vol. III, pp. 329-30.
  39. D.K. Bolton, H.P.F. King, G. Wyld and D.C. Yaxley, 'Northolt: Manors and other estates', in T.F.T. Baker, J.S. Cockburn and R.B. Pugh (eds), A History of the County of Middlesex, Vol. 4 (V.C.H., London 1971), pp. 113-16. (British History Online accessed 20 December 2016)
  40. J.J. Park, The Topography and Natural History of Hampstead in the County of Middlesex (White, Cochrane and Co., London 1814), pp. 113-16.
  41. The National Archives Discovery Catalogue: Cambridge University, King's College Archives Centre, ref. GRE/1. Calendar of Patent Rolls, Edward VI vol. IV, p. 6.
  42. Calendar of Patent Rolls, Edward VI vol. IV, p. 188.
  43. Strype, Ecclesiastical Memorials, Vol. II Part 2, p. 223, 233.
  44. Collinson, History and Antiquities of the County of Somerset, III, pp. 68-69.
  45. Dixon, History of the Church of England, III, p. 386.
  46. Collinson, History and Antiquities of the County of Somerset, III, pp. 61-62.
  47. Strype, Ecclesiastical Memorials, Vol. II Part 2, pp. 245-46. Calendar of Patent Rolls, Edward VI vol. IV, p. 155.
  48. Collinson, History and Antiquities of the County of Somerset, III, pp. 68-69.
  49. Wroth Pedigrees relating to Newton-Wroth and Petherton Park are found in the Heraldic book of Hugh Thomas, Harleian MS 2218, items 24 and 25 (fols 59 and 61), see A Catalogue of the Harleian Manuscripts in the British Museum, 3 Vols (By Command, 1808), II, p. 561.
  50. Calendar of Patent Rolls, Edward VI vol. V, p. 240.
  51. Strype, Ecclesiastical Memorials, Vol. II Part 2, pp. 207-10. Calendar of Patent Rolls, Edward VI vol. IV, pp. 352-53.
  52. Calendar of Patent Rolls, Edward VI vol. IV, pp. 391-92.
  53. (James Thomas), 'The Second Voyage to Barbary in the yeere 1552', in R. Hakluyt (ed. E. Goldsmid), The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, and Discoveries of the English Nation, Vol. XI: Africa (E. & G. Goldsmid, Edinburgh 1889), pp. 70-72.
  54. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Philip & Mary II: 1554–1555 (HMSO 1936/Kraus, Lendeln 1970), pp. 56-59 (Hathi Trust).
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  63. E. Powell, The Travels and Life of Sir Thomas Hoby, Kt., Written by Himself. 1547–1564. (Royal Historical Society, London 1902), pp. 116-117.
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  66. G. Langbaine, 'The Life of Sir Iohn Cheeke', in The True Subiect to the Rebell, or, The Hurt of Sedition, how Greivous it is to a Common-wealth, written by Sir Iohn Cheeke; whereunto is newly added by way of preface a briefe discourse of those times, as they may relate to the present, with the authors life (Leonard Lichfield, Oxford 1641), unpaginated front matter (Umich/eebo).
  67. Letter of Queen Mary to William Paget, 7 June 1556. Sotheby's, Sale of English Literature, History, Children's Books and Illustrations, 12 July 2016, Lot 6.
  68. I.S. Leadam, 'A Narrative of the Pursuit of English Refugees in Germany under Queen Mary,' Transactions of the Royal Historical Society XI (London 1897), pp. 113-131, at p. 130.
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  70. J.G. Nichols (ed.), The Diary of Henry Machyn, Camden Society Old Series XLII (London 1848), p. 114.
  71. Third Report of the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts (By Command, Eyre & Spottiswoode, London 1872), Appendix: Papers of Sir Henry Bedingfield, p. 239 (foot of 1st col.).
  72. W.B. Turnbull (ed.), Calendar of State Papers, Foreign, Mary 1553–1558 (London 1861), pp. 276-79, nos. 558 (17 November 1556), 559 (30 November), 559.1 (22 November), & 564 (1 December) (Googlebooks).
  73. '2546. Letter of Hotman to Calvin', G. Baum, E. Cunitz & E. Reuss (eds), Ioannis Calvini Opera Quae Supersunt Omnia XVI, Corpus Reformatorum XLIV (C.A. Schwetschke et filius, Brunswick 1877), pp. 314-16 & note 9. See also Letter 2765, pp. 713-15 (November 1557).
  74. Garrett, The Marian Exiles, p. 345. Fuller, Church-History of Britain, II, p. 419. Miller, 'Wroth, Thomas', History of Parliament Online.
  75. J. Strype, Ecclesiastical Memorials, relating chiefly to Religion, and the Reforming of it, III Part i (Clarendon Press, Oxford 1822), p. 226,
  76. Strype, Ecclesiastical Memorials, III Part i, p. 232.
  77. L. Humphrey, Interpretatio Linguarum, seu de ratione convertendi et explicandi autores tam sacros quam prophanos, libri tres (Apud H. Frobenium et N. Episcopium, Basle 1559).
  78. D. Weissbort & A. Eysteinsson (eds), Translation – Theory and Practice: A Historical Reader (Oxford University Press, 2006), pp. 107-09 (pdf p. 121), citing J.W. Binns, Intellectual Culture in Elizabethan and Jacobean England: The Latin Writings of the Age, ARCA Classical and Medieval Texts, Papers and Monographs 24 (Francis Cairns (Publications) Ltd., Leeds 1990).
  79. F. Hotman, De Actionibus. Novus Commentarius (John Hervagius, Basle 1559).
  80. D.B. Smith, 'François Hotman', Scottish Historical Review XIII no. 52 (July 1916), pp. 328-65 at p. 334.
  81. Calendar of Patent Rolls, Philip and Mary III: 1555–1557, pp. 451-52 (Hathi Trust). T.N.A. Discovery Catalogue SAS-D/105 (East Sussex Record Office).
  82. Smith, 'Francois Hotman', p. 334.
  83. J. Vaillant (ed. & transl.), Reports of Cases in the Reigns of Hen. VIII Ed. VI Q. Mary, and Q. Eliz. taken and collected by Sir James Dyer, Knt., Part II (J. Butterworth, London 1794), pp. 85-86.
  84. S. D'Ewes, revised P. Bowes, Journals of all the Parliaments During the Reign of Queen Elizabeth (John Starkey, London 1682), p. 25, 20 & 21 March 1558/9.
  85. H.J. Todd (ed.), A Catalogue of the Archiepiscopal Manuscripts in the Library at Lambeth (Law & Gilbert, London 1812), p. 116. 'Instructions for Sir Thomas Wrothe and Sir Nicholas Arnold', J.S. Brewer & W. Bullen (eds), Calendar of the Carew Manuscripts preserved in the Archiepiscopal Library at Lambeth, 6 vols (Longmans, Green, Reader and Dyer, London 1867–73), I: 1515–1574, items 240 (October 1563), 241 (20 October 1563), 243 (5 January 1564), at pp. 354-64. (Hathi Trust)
  86. E.P. Shirley (ed.), Original Letters and Papers in Illustration of the History of the Church in Ireland (Francis and John Rivington, London 1851), Letter LIII: Hugh Brady to Sir William Cecil, 14 March 1563/4, p. 135; Letter LIV: Thomas Wroth and Nicholas Arnold to the Privy Council, 16 March 1563/4, p. 139; Letter LIX: Thomas Wroth to William Cecil, 30 July 1564, pp. 154-55; LXXIV: William Cecil's Instructions to Sir Henry Sidney (draft), 4 July 1565, pp. 206-09; LXXVI: William Cecil's Amended Instructions, 9 July 1565, pp. 211-13.
  87. Letter to William Cecil, quoted in J. Healy, History of the Diocese of Meath, 2 vols (Association for Promoting Christian Knowledge, Dublin 1908), II, p. 195.
  88. dom Bede Camm (ed.), 'I. The Blessed Thomas Felton', in Lives of the English Martyrs, II: Martyrs under Queen Elizabeth (Longmans, Green & Co., London 1914), pp. 1-13.). (Internet Archive accessed 6 March 2017)
  89. J.R. Dasent, Acts of the Privy Council of England Vol 7: 1558–1570 (London, 1893), p. 373 (British History Online accessed 2 February 2017).
  90. Camm, Lives of the English Martyrs, II, p. 87.
  91. 14 May 15 Elizabeth I.
  92. 13 October 38 Henry VIII, representing service commenced at the Annunciation in 36 Henry VIII.
  93. 'Sir Thomas Wroth's Case', in The Second Part of the Commentaries or Reports of Edmund Plowden (S. Brooke, London 1816), pp. 452-59.
  94. Will of Sir Thomas Wroth of Enfield (P.C.C. 1575). Abstract in J.H. Pleasants, 'Wroth of Enfield, Middlesex', in 'The Lovelace family and its connections – contd.', Virginia Historical Magazine of History and Biography 24, No. 8 (October 1920), pp. 383-390. Inquisition post mortem (Middlesex): National Archives (Chancery) C 142/171/97 (1574–75).
  95. 'The Case of the Bankers', 12 William III, in T.B. Howell (ed.), Cobbett's Complete Collection of State Trials, Vol. XIV: 1700–1708 (T.C. Hansard, London 1812), pp. 1 ff., at pp. 86 ff.
  96. A. Hessayon and N. Keene, Scripture and Scholarship in Early Modern England (Ashgate Publishing, 2006), p. 63.
  97. J. Ludham, The Course of Christianity: or, as touching the dayly reading and meditation of the holy Scriptures: very requisite and necessary for all Christians of what estate or condition soever (Henry Bynneman, London 1579).
  98. Andreas Hyperius (Gheeraerdts), De Sacrae Scripturae lectione ac meditatione quotidiana, omnibus omnium ordinum hominibus Christianis perquam necessaria, Libri II (Basle: ex officina Oporiniana, Mense Martio, 1569).
  99. Books and Readers in Early Modern Britain V: A Selection of Books, Manuscripts and Bindings, Catalogue 1471 (Maggs Bros. Ltd., London 2013), p. 85.
  100. Will of Sir Thomas Wroth of Enfield (P.C.C. 1575).
  101. J. Perry, 'Loughton – Its Churches and Memorials', The Antiquary IV (4 October 1873), pp. 164-65. W.C. Waller, 'An extinct county family: Wroth of Loughton Hall (I)', Transactions of the Essex Archaeological Society, New Series VIII (Colchester 1903), pp. 145-81.
  102. For a detailed account see M.P. Hannay, Mary Sidney, Lady Wroth (Routledge 2016).
  103. D. Lysons, The Environs of London 2nd Edition, Vol. II: Middlesex (T. Cadell and W. Davies, London 1810), pp. 196-98.
  104. J. Collinson, The History and Antiquities of the County of Somerset, 3 Vols (Dilly, Robinson, Longman & Payne, London/Fletcher, Oxford 1791), III, pp. 62-69.
  105. S. D'Ewes, revised P. Bowes, Journals of all the Parliaments During the Reign of Queen Elizabeth (John Starkey, London 1682), pp. 22-23, 7 & 8 March 1558/9. 'Descent of the Manor of Hampstead in the Family of Wroth', in Park, Topography and Natural History of Hampstead, p. 115.
  106. J.H. Pleasants, 'The Lovelace family and its connections – contd', 'Aucher of Otterden and Bishopsbourne, Kent, with notes on Cornwallis, Wroth and Rich', The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 28, No. 4 (October 1920), pp. 375-92.
  107. A.R.G. Smith, Back When and Now: History of the Family of Agnes Rust Gordon Smith (San Angelo, Texas, 1976), p. 106.
  108. J. Burke and J.B. Burke, A Genealogic and Heraldic History of the Extinct and Dormant Baronetcies of England, Ireland and Scotland, 2nd Edn., (Scott, Webster and Geary, London 1841), p. 28.
  109. Will of Sir Thomas Wroth.
  110. M. Stephenson, A List of Monumental Brasses in the British Isles (Headley Brothers, London 1926), p. 233. See Upper Hardres Church of Ss. Peter and Paul website, 'Brasses in Upper Hardres' page.
  111. Will of Sir Thomas Wroth. Richardson, Magna Carta Ancestry, 2nd Edn., III, p. 374.
  112. Will of Sir Thomas Wroth.
  113. Will of Thomas Goddard of East Overton (P.C.C. 1550): abstract in R.W.K. Goddard (ed.), 'Goddard Family, 1417–1605/6', Fragmenta Genealogica Vol. 7 (Frederick Arthur Crisp 1902), p. 73-102, at p. 79.
  114. A.P. Baggs, E. Crittall, J. Freeman and J.H. Stevenson, 'Parishes: Overton', in D.A. Crowley (ed.), A History of the County of Wiltshire, Vol. 11: Downton Hundred, Elstub and Everleigh Hundred (V.C.H., London 1980), pp. 181-203 (British History Online accessed 20 January 2017). The National Archives Discovery Catalogue, piece descriptions C 2/Eliz/W9/13 and C 2/JasI/G17/66. See also Star Chamber, STAC 5/W73/29 (1589–90), STAC 5/W79/17 (1590–91) and STAC 5/G14/33 (1593–94).
  115. Will of Thomas Goddard of Clatford (P.C.C. 1598): abstract in Goddard, 'Goddard Family, 1417–1605/6', at p. 95.
  116. Park, Topography and Natural History of Hampstead, p. 115. Will of George Mynn of Hertingfordbury (P.C.C. 1581).
  117. Will of John Mynne (P.C.C. 1543).
  118. Memorial Inscription, Hertingfordbury. See 'Horton Manor and the Mynne Family', Epsom and Ewell History Explorer webpage.
  119. For wills of the Mynne and Boteler families, see R. Hastings, 'Calvert and Darnall gleanings from English wills', Maryland Historical Magazine XXI no. 4, December 1926, pp. 303-324, at pp. 303-319.
  120. Will of Ann Shurley of Bexley (P.C.C. 1622, proved 1623).
  121. 'Shirleys of Isfield, Sussex', Webpage of the Shirley Family Association.
  122. Armorial brasses to Thomas Shurley and his first wife Anne Pelham, and to the parents Edward Shurley and Joan Fenner, are at Isfield, see Stephenson, List of Monumental Brasses, p. 511.
  123. Will of Mary Hussey of St Michael Bassishaw (P.C.C. 1646, proved 1647). Will of Ann Shurley of Bexley.
  124. Will of John Huse of Cuckfield (P.C.C. 1572). N.M. Fuidge, 'Hussey, John I (c.1520-c.72), of Cuckfield, Suss.', in P.W. Hasler (ed.), The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1558–1603 (Boydell & Brewer, 1981), at History of Parliament online. For a referenced account of the Husseys of Slinfold, see R.J.W. Swales, 'Hussey, Henry (c.1484-1541) of Slinfold, Sussex' (History of Parliament online) and 'Hussey, Henry (c.1520-57) of Slinfold, Sussex' (History of Parliament online), in 'Local Politics and the Parliamentary Representation of Sussex 1529–1558' (Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Bristol 1964), Vol. 2, pp. 269-76 (pdf p. 279).
  125. 'Apsley', in W. Bruce Bannerman, The Visitations of the County of Sussex... in 1530 and 1633–34, etc., Harleian Society LIII (London 1905), pp. 39-40, at p. 40.
  126. Will of Thomas Hussey (P.C.C. 1655). See The National Archives Discovery Catalogue, piece description D239 M/T 929, Settlement by John Leigh of Abinger, 1647 (Derbyshire Record Office).
  127. Will of Thomas Hussey of Hampstead (P.C.C. 1671).
  128. Thomas Hussey senr. has been confused with Thomas Hussey of Hungerford, M.P. (died 1657), see A.B. Beavan, The Aldermen of the City of London Temp. Henry III to 1912 (Corporation of the City of London, 1913), II, p. 67. Some relationships described in this work are unreliable.
  129. The National Archives Discovery Catalogue, item description Carleton v Osborne, ref: C 2/Eliz/C1/7.
  130. D.E. Davy Collections, British Library Add. MSS 19077-19207 (old ref. Brit. Mus. Wro. 19, 156).
  131. 'Wroth' and 'Wyatt' in Metcalfe, The Visitations of Essex, I, Harleian Society XIII, pp. 330-31.
  132. Waller, 'An extinct county family' (1903), p. 146, note 1.
  133. Upper Hardres Church website, 'Brasses in Upper Hardres' page.

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